Practicing Dignity: An introduction to Christian values PHI 413 Topic 2
Practicing Dignity: An introduction to Christian Values PHI 413 Topic 2
The Christian concept of imago Dei is that “God created human beings to have a likeness to his character, not a likeness to his literal physical appearance” which helps “provide the basis for human dignity and worth” (White, 2020). Imago Dei also implies that “human being are more than simply bodies” (White, 2020). This concept emphasizes the importance of individuals being both physical and spiritual individuals.
This concept is important to health care because it focuses on the need to treat patient’s holistically. They need to be treated physically (of course), spiritually, emotionally and mentally throughout their health care experience. This concept is a constant reminder to treat individually holistically because they are much more than just their physical illness.
Imago Dei is relevant in healthcare because there are times that nurses and other health care staff can forget to treat patients holistically. It is easy to get busy with doing what we have to do to keep our patient alive, well and on the road to recovery that we forget that they need more that physical help.
I have seen nurses in my experience completely forget about all aspects besides physical care and yes of course they were still well taken care “medically” not all their needs were met during their hospitalization because of failure to provide holistic care. There is many factors that go into caring for individuals completely and giving them the best care and support during their health care experience.
PHI 413 Topic 2 Practicing Dignity: An introduction to Christian Values Reference
White, N. (2020). Practicing dignity: An introduction to Christian values and decision making in health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/phi413v/practicing-dignity-an-introduction-to-christian-values-and-decision-making-in-health-care/v1.1/#/home
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PHI 413 Topic 2 Practicing dignity: An introduction to Christian Values Instructions
Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
PHI 413 Foundational Issues in Christian Spirituality and Ethics Example Solutions
Foundational issues in Christian spirituality and ethics are essential to understanding one’s worldview. The purpose of this assignment is to explore my worldview as a Christian by elaborating my understanding of ultimate reality, nature of the universe, human being, knowledge, basis of ethics, and purpose of existence.
What is ultimate reality?
According to Bogue and Hogan (2020), ultimate reality refers to the highest authority. In my Christian view, the ultimate reality is God. He is Supreme, Almighty, and creator of heaven and earth and all things visible and invisible. God is the unique source of all reality. He is supernatural. God is described as omnipresent, omniscient, eternal, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent (Bogue & Hogan, 2020).
Consequently, we Christians believe that God, who exists as the trinity, created the world and was pleased with His creation. Additionally, God is the source of morality. For instance, He commanded man, “You may surely eat of every tree of the garden, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die” (Genesis 2:16-17). God also demonstrates His supremacy through various miracles and powerful signs that are well documented in both the old and the new testaments of the Bible.
What is the nature of the universe?
As a Christian, the universe was created by God, who rules over it. It is composed of both physical and spiritual worlds. Human beings have been given power over the physical world to be fruitful and multiply and explore the resources within the physical world. However, the spiritual world involves an interaction of the spirit of God and the spirits of human souls. As a result, human beings can communicate to God spiritually through prayer. The existence of the spiritual world is demonstrated by Christ himself when he teaches his disciples to pray, and He is also seen interceding on behalf of us.
What is a human being?
As Christian, human beings are part of God’s creation and were made on the last day of creation. They are superior to other creatures, for they were made in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27). Similarly, as human beings, we are blessed by the Almighty. But unlike God, human beings have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God (Roman 3:23). The sinful nature of human beings is also depicted during the call of Moses when God orders him to remove his shoes, for he was standing on holy ground. However, God forgives us whenever we repent. Given the valuable nature of human beings as the image of God, human life must be respected and protected at all costs (Baumeister & Bushman, 2020). Likewise, human beings must be treated with dignity and love. Finally, God values his creation. For instance, God became a human being in the person of Jesus Christ.
What is knowledge?
Knowledge is the sum of what is known. As Christians, knowledge is a gift from God. God (1 Corinthians 12:8). Additionally, Christians regard scientific knowledge as a consequence of the utilization of power that was given to them by God. Therefore, human beings must utilize knowledge as a service to humanity (Cuellar De la Cruz & Robinson, 2017). The Bible remains the main source of Christian knowledge. Christians also acknowledge the limited nature of human knowledge and its hindrance by sin. Finally, Christians can pray to God to obtain knowledge through faith since knowledge is directly connected to God’s revelatory acts.
What is your basis of ethics?
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern an individual’s behavior. It encompasses systematizing, defending, and recommending the concepts of right and wrong behavior (Stanley et al., 2018). From a Christian point of view, God is the basis of morality. This is evidenced by the mentioning of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the creation stories. Following the fall of mankind, human beings became aware of good and evil with an obligation to do good as evil doings are punishable. Subsequently, Christian ethics involves living a life pleasing to God that is guided by Christian scriptures and traditions. For instance, God issues commandments to the Israelites through Moses, which were to be followed, and these are later summarized into the two greatest commandments by Jesus Christ in the New Testament. Consequently, Christians rely on the Bible, a book penned down by human beings supernaturally inspired by God, as the most authoritative source of Christian morals and ethics.
What is the purpose of your existence?
The sole purpose of existence for Christians is to worship God and enjoy a relationship with Him forever. Christians exist to Love God and their fellow human beings, after which they will be rewarded with eternal life. Similarly, Christ encourages Christians to follow him and serve God through doing good deeds to the needy. Christ also redefines the purpose of life. For instance, He fights evil throughout His life, He is sentenced to death, resurrects and finally ascends into heaven, and finally promises to come back to judge the living and the dead. Consequently, Christians spend their life preparing for the second coming of Jesus Christ through service to God.
Conclusion
Foundational issues in Christian spirituality and ethics are core to understanding one’s worldview. For Christians, God is the ultimate reality, and they live to serve Him. Human beings are special and have dominion over other creatures.
References
Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2020). Social Psychology and Human Nature. Cengage Learning.
Bogue, D. W., & Hogan, M. (2020). Practicing dignity: An introduction to Christian values and decision-making in health care. In Grand Canyon University. https://lc.gcumedia.com/phi413v/practicing-dignity-an-introduction-to-christian-values-and-decision-making-in-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/1
Cuellar De la Cruz, Y., & Robinson, S. (2017). Answering the call to accessible quality health care for all using a new model of local community not-for-profit charity clinics: A return to Christ-centered care of the past. The Linacre Quarterly, 84(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00243639.2016.1274631
Stanley, S., Purser, R. E., & Singh, N. N. (2018). Ethical foundations of mindfulness. In Mindfulness in Behavioral Health (pp. 1–29). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76538-9_1
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS
Discussion Questions (DQ)
- Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
- Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
- One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
- I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Topic 3: Applying the Four Principles: Case Study Example
Student Name:
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GG |
Part 1: Chart (60 points)
Based on the reading of the “Case Study: Healing and Autonomy” and topic Resources, use the four boxes approach to organize relevant ethical issues related to the four principles (beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice). Provide the information by means of bullet points with complete sentences in the box. Gather as much data as possible within this 1-page chart.
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Medical Indications Beneficence and Nonmaleficence |
Patient Preferences Autonomy |
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· The parent’s decision to delay dialysis resulted in harm to James, contradicting the principle of nonmaleficence. · Parents prioritized religious beliefs over immediate medical intervention, risking James’s health. · The decision led to permanent kidney damage, making a transplant necessary instead of temporary dialysis. · The nephrologist suggests James’s twin brother, Samuel, as the best donor match, raising concerns about the risk to Samuel (Grand Canyon University, 2020). · Medical professionals must ensure the best outcome for James while respecting parental autonomy and religious beliefs. · Removing a kidney from a healthy child poses ethical questions about causing harm to save another, challenging nonmaleficence. · Mike struggles with his faith, questioning whether he should rely on divine intervention or medical intervention. |
· As an 8-year-old, James lacks full decision-making capacity, making his parents responsible for medical choices. · His parents’ refusal of dialysis based on religious beliefs overrides his right to receive life-saving treatment. · Delaying treatment led to irreversible kidney damage, raising concerns about whether parental decision-making respected James’s best interests (Grand Canyon University, 2020). · Samuel, as a potential kidney donor, also lacks full autonomy in deciding whether to undergo organ donation. · Parents making a decision for Samuel to donate a kidney raises ethical concerns about informed consent and bodily autonomy. |
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Quality of Life Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy |
Contextual Features Justice and Fairness |
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· The delay in dialysis led to permanent kidney damage, affecting his long-term health and requiring a transplant. · Beneficence supports providing treatment that improves his well-being and life expectancy. · Ongoing dialysis affects his daily activities, development, and overall quality of life. · Donating a kidney may impact Samuel’s future health and physical well-being (Grand Canyon University, 2020). · Nonmaleficence requires minimizing harm to Samuel while prioritizing James’s survival. · Samuel lacks full autonomy, raising ethical concerns about his ability to consent to a major medical procedure. · The decision must balance James’s right to life-saving treatment with Samuel’s right to bodily integrity. · Parental decision-making must prioritize the best interests of both children while respecting ethical principles. · Long-term health outcomes for both James and Samuel must be weighed to determine the most ethical course of action. |
· James’s initial access to life-saving treatment was delayed due to parental refusal, impacting his long-term health. · Justice requires that all patients receive timely and appropriate medical care regardless of personal beliefs. · Expecting Samuel to donate a kidney raises ethical concerns about fairness, as he is being asked to sacrifice for his brother. · Justice requires that Samuel’s rights and well-being are considered equally, rather than prioritizing James’s survival at his expense. · A living donor transplant from Samuel would expedite treatment for James, but it raises ethical concerns about coercion (Grand Canyon University, 2020). · If Samuel does not donate, James may require a kidney from the transplant list, potentially delaying treatment for another patient in need. · The parents’ initial decision placed James at a disadvantage, raising concerns about accountability in medical decision-making. · Ethical fairness requires balancing both children’s rights and best interests while ensuring justice in healthcare decisions. |
Part 2: Evaluation
Answer each of the following questions about how the four principles approach and four boxes approach would be applied:
- In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, how would each of the principles be specified in this case? Explain why. (45 points)
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In the Christian worldview, ethical principles such as beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice are guided by a belief in the sanctity of life, human dignity, and moral responsibility. Beneficence calls for actions that promote well-being and healing, aligning with the biblical command to care for the sick. Healthcare providers act with beneficence by recommending dialysis and a kidney transplant to preserve James’s life. As stewards of their children’s health, parents are also called to seek medical care while maintaining faith in divine healing. Nonmaleficence requires avoiding harm, consistent with the biblical principle of “do no harm” (Cota et al., 2024). The parents’ initial refusal of dialysis, leading to irreversible kidney damage, contradicts this principle. While faith healing is significant in Christianity, it does not negate the moral obligation to use medical interventions that God has provided through human knowledge and skill. Autonomy is limited in the Christian perspective when it endangers life. While autonomy respects decision-making, Scripture emphasizes seeking wisdom and acting in the best interest of others, particularly vulnerable individuals like children. James and Samuel are minors, so their parents must make ethical choices that uphold their well-being, rather than relying solely on faith (Stahl & Kilner, 2017). Justice demands fairness and care for all, reflecting biblical teachings on equity. Justice requires balancing the rights of both children, ensuring that Samuel is not coerced into donation while prioritizing James’s need for life-saving treatment. Christian ethics emphasize love, stewardship, and moral responsibility in decision-making. |
- In 200-250 words answer the following: According to the Christian worldview, how might a Christian weigh and balance each of the four principles in this case? Explain why. (45 points)
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Beneficence would be a priority, as it involves promoting life and well-being. Medical intervention would be seen as a necessary action to preserve James’s life, recognizing that modern medicine is a tool to support healing. A Christian perspective would emphasize the importance of taking responsible action rather than solely relying on faith healing. Nonmaleficence would require minimizing harm. The initial refusal of dialysis resulted in preventable deterioration of James’s health, which would be viewed as a failure to protect him from harm. Any decision regarding Samuel’s potential kidney donation must also consider his health, ensuring that he is not placed at unnecessary risk. Autonomy is important but must be understood in the context of responsibility. Since both James and Samuel are minors, their parents have the duty to make choices in their best interest. While parents have the right to guide their children’s lives, they are also responsible for ensuring their health and well-being through informed and reasonable decisions. Justice requires fairness and ethical consideration for both children (Cota et al., 2024). James has the right to receive necessary treatment, but Samuel should not be unfairly pressured into donating a kidney. A Christian would seek a decision that reflects love, responsibility, and fairness while ensuring that both children’s rights and well-being are protected. |
References:
Cota, M., Jr., & de la Torre, V. (Eds.). (2024). Practicing dignity: An introduction to Christian values and decision-making in health care (3rd ed.). Grand Canyon University.
Grand Canyon University. (2020). Case Study: Healing and Autonomy.
Stahl, D., & Kilner, J. (2017). The image of God, bioethics, and persons with profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Christian Institute on Disability, 6(1–2), 19-40.
PHI 413 End of Life Decisions case Study Assignment
Case Study: End of Life Decisions
George is a successful attorney in his mid-fifties. He is also a legal scholar, holding a teaching post at the local university law school in Oregon. George is also actively involved in his teenage son’s basketball league, coaching regularly for their team. Recently, George has experienced muscle weakness and unresponsive muscle coordination. He was forced to seek medical attention after he fell and injured his hip. After an examination at the local hospital following his fall, the attending physician suspected that George may be showing early symptoms for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a degenerative disease affecting the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The week following the initial examination, further testing revealed a positive diagnosis of ALS.
ALS is progressive and gradually causes motor neuron deterioration and muscle atrophy to the point of complete muscle control loss. There is currently no cure for ALS, and the median life expectancy is between 3 and 4 years, though it is not uncommon for some to live 10 or more years. The progressive muscle atrophy and deterioration of motor neurons leads to the loss of the ability to speak, move, eat, and breathe. However, sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell are not affected. Patients will be wheelchair bound and eventually need permanent ventilator support to assist with breathing.
George and his family are devastated by the diagnosis. George knows that treatment options only attempt to slow down the degeneration, but the symptoms will eventually come. He will eventually be wheelchair bound and be unable to move, eat, speak, or even breathe on his own.
In contemplating his future life with ALS, George begins to dread the prospect of losing his mobility and even speech. He imagines his life in complete dependence upon others for basic everyday functions and perceives the possibility of eventually degenerating to the point at which he is a prisoner in his own body. Would he be willing to undergo such torture, such loss of his own dignity and power? George thus begins inquiring about the possibility of voluntary euthanasia.
Based on the attached \”Case Study: End of Life Decisions,\” the Christian worldview, and the worldview questions presented in the required topic Resources you will complete an ethical analysis of George\’s situation and his decision from the perspective of the Christian worldview. Provide a 1,500-2,000-word ethical analysis while answering the following questions: How would George interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative, with an emphasis on the fallenness of the world? How would George interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative, with an emphasis on the hope of resurrection?
As George contemplates life with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), how would the Christian worldview inform his view about the value of his life as a person? What sorts of values and considerations would the Christian worldview focus on in deliberating about whether or not George should opt for euthanasia? Given the above, what options would be morally justified in the Christian worldview for George and why? Based on your worldview, what decision would you make if you were in George\’s situation? Please use the attached document titled \”Death, Dying and Grief\” as one of the references.
PHI 413 Topic 2 Case Study Healing and Autonomy Assignment
PLEASE SEE THE ATTCHED DOCUMENTS. CHART FOR TOPIC 3 IS ATTACHED. PLEASE USE THE REFERENCES ATTACHED.
In addition to the topic Resources, use the chart you completed and questions you answered in the Topic 3 about \”Case Study: Healing and Autonomy\” as the basis for your responses in this assignment. Answer the following questions about a patient\’s spiritual needs in light of the Christian worldview.
In 200-250 words, respond to the following: Should the physician allow Mike to continue making decisions that seem to him to be irrational and harmful to James, or would that mean a disrespect of a patient\’s autonomy? Explain your rationale.
In 400-500 words, respond to the following: How ought the Christian think about sickness and health? How should a Christian think about medical intervention? What should Mike as a Christian do? How should he reason about trusting God and treating James in relation to what is truly honoring the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence in James\’s care?
In 200-250 words, respond to the following: How would a spiritual needs assessment help the physician assist Mike determine appropriate interventions for James and for his family or others involved in his care?
Applying the Four Principles: Case Study Part 1: Chart (60 points)
Based on the “Healing and Autonomy” case study, fill out all the relevant boxes below. Provide the information by means of bullet points or a well-structured paragraph in the box. Gather as much data as possible.| Medical Indications Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Patient Preferences Autonomy The parents took the patient to the hospital for presenting symptoms related to A Streptococcus infection that led to Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN). The patient had an acute kidney injury and hypertension as a consequence of the PSGN. Part of the care plan was blood pressure control and dialysis. Because the initial condition was not treated early, the patient suffered complications such as chronic kidney disease. The patient required dialysis as a permanent treatment and a kidney transplant. The patient’s relatives were the legal guardians who had the legal authority to make decisions related to treatment. According to the case study, the doctor discussed with the family the treatment required to treat the acute renal failure and the hypertension. However, it did not appear that the physician presented an informed choice to the relatives and did not emphasize the seriousness of the complications and the urgency of treating an acute condition that could be reversed with treatment. This lack of information from the doctor did not give the relatives the alternatives to choose the therapeutic options and they decided to appeal to their religious beliefs. The patient now requires a kidney transplant since the damage to the kidneys is irreversible. It seems that the autonomy of the relatives was violated again by not discussing the treatments to be chosen, such as hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, which allow the patient to lead a normal life until a good candidate for the transplant donation is found. This lack of information put the family in a dilemma to decide whether his brother would donate the kidney or not since he was the only match available at that time. |
| Quality of Life Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy |
Case Study: Healing and Autonomy
The primary focus of nursing is on restoring and maintaining health. God made us in His image, so every human life has value (Cox & Thompson, 2022). This is what we value most, not our competence or proficiency. Healthcare offers many tools for preventing illness, but is often viewed with suspicion. This case study focuses on Mike and Joanne’s parenting of their son James.
Following the Christian healing service, they were convinced that their son would be made well again. They said no to the healthcare professionals’ suggestions that their son undergo temporary dialysis. Instead, they turned to a Christian healer, placing their faith in him to restore their son’s health. James’ health deteriorated due to their parental decision. Only a kidney transplant, James’ doctor said, has a chance of saving him. Following an exhaustive search, James’s identical twin, Samuel, is the sole possible kidney donor. Mike is faced with the difficult choice of relying on God’s miracle to heal his son’s illness or allowing Samuel to give a kidney to James. This paper discusses a patient’s spiritual needs, considering the Christian worldview.
Patient Autonomy
Medical professionals face difficult choices in the case study’s scenario. The doctor respected the parents’ reliance on faith in treating James, even if their decision had a negative impact on his health. However, now comes the time to make a decision that could mean life or death. Anyone who has seen James in his current condition might question whether his parents are acting in his best interest. This author believes that James’s parents ought not to be stripped of their right to make decisions about their son’s medical care. Given the family’s current situation, James’ parents must remain actively involved in his care.
Given the scope of the issue they face, they should be afforded some time to deliberate on the massive nature of the choice they will soon be called upon to make. As a result, medical experts would have more time to educate parents on important health topics and offer them spiritual direction (Batstone et al., 2020). That would point James’s parents in the proper direction so they could agree with what is best for James and his sibling. Everyone in the family must weigh in on the decision-making process. This writer believes that the case study shows a lack of respect for self-determination because both sons, despite their young ages, should have had input into their healthcare decisions.
Sickness And Health from A Christian Perspective
Different people draw strength and optimism from different places while they are sick. Christians put their faith in God and turn to Him for strength, inspiration, and comfort. Many people believe that the introduction of sin and its continued impact on the world is what ultimately causes all diseases. Humans’ alienation from God is seen to be the root source of illness, misery, and death (Horden, 2020). Being in fellowship with God and carrying out His will form the bedrock of Christian belief. God’s people will have the fortitude they need to weather any storm.
The Bible teaches that our physical bodies are a sacred temple that God built in His likeness. To that end, God commands that we take all necessary measures to safeguard His works. The fact that God made us in His likeness means that we can think critically and come up with novel solutions to problems, such as the medical advances that have made our lives so much easier. God has blessed us with the ability to use medicine to save lives, improve people’s health, and enhance their quality of life (Cox & Thompson, 2022). Although we may place a higher value on our religious requirements, Jesus taught us that we should not overlook our physical needs.
James’s parents must also take this news. Mike needs to understand that God usually uses individuals to execute his will, and not just miracles, so that he can trust them more. Therefore, Mike should have faith in God and hope that the medical care provided by the healthcare specialists would improve James’ health. Both of James’s parents need to come to terms with the possibility that medical technology, which God blessed humanity with the ability to invent, will be James’s best chance for recovery. Christians should not see medical innovations as incompatible with their faith but rather as an integral part of God’s plan to save the world from its sickness.
God appears to be telling both of James’ parents that they must put their confidence in him and Western medicine if they want James to recover. When looking for ways to assist James, parents should be guided by the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. In that manner, youngsters could also learn that the Bible calls us to be selfless givers at all times. Further, it instructs us to avoid causing harm to others and instead focuses on improving their well-being. Perhaps in the end, James’ parents will consent to a transplant because they see how much it will improve their son’s quality of life, and that will be the miracle they have been praying for.
Spiritual Needs Assessment Aid in Medical Interventions
Healthcare providers are responsible for attending to and respecting individuals’ spiritual demands and physical ones. Medical care should take into account patients’ religious and spiritual requirements. The spiritual beliefs of the patient and their family and their perspective on death and dying might shed light on how best to address the patient’s condition and management (Molina-Mula & Gallo-Estrada, 2020). Therefore, it is imperative to complete an accurate spiritual evaluation so that Mike and his family can receive the necessary spiritual care. If the family’s religious beliefs are considered, everyone may feel more at ease and have more faith in the doctors treating them. Medical care providers should treat patients respectfully, regardless of their religious or moral beliefs. The provision of spirituality can offer tranquillity and create motivation for healing even when the prognosis for a disease is not particularly favorable.
In this scenario, Mike’s doctor can consider his family’s spiritual beliefs while making treatment recommendations. He can assure them that the medical therapy will produce the desired, beneficial result, but they must still rely on God’s help during the process. James’ medical care may incorporate the family’s decision that he should get better after attending the religious healing ceremony they had at the outset. Mike may be able to make a connection between God’s creation and his medical treatment if his family’s spirituality is incorporated into his care. This may help him understand that God works through all individuals to restore the well-being and joy of His devotees.
References
Batstone, E., Bailey, C., & Hallett, N. (2020). Spiritual care provision to end‐of‐life patients: A systematic literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(19-20), 3609–3624. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15411
Cox, G. R., & Thompson, N. (2022). Christianity. In Managing Death: International Perspectives (pp. 43–48). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Horden, P. (2020). Sickness and Healing. The Oxford Handbook of Christian Monasticism, 403.
Molina-Mula, J., & Gallo-Estrada, J. (2020). Impact of nurse-patient relationship on quality of care and patient autonomy in decision-making. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(3), 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030835
