NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

ByDaniel Rossi Updated on

NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders – Step-by-Step Guide

The first step before starting to write the NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment. 

It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list. 

You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.

How to Write the In-text Citations for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:

The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.

How to Format the Reference List for NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication. 

Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:

References

Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456

Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.

NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Instructions

In this exercise, you will complete a 5-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.  

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

  • myocardial infarction
  • endocarditis
  • myocarditis
  • valvular disorders
  • lipid panels
  • coagulation
  • clotting cascade
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • hypertension
  • heart failure
  • COPD
  • asthma
  • pneumonias

Question 1

4 pts

Scenario 1: Myocardial Infarction

CC: “I woke up this morning at 6 a.m. with numbness in my left arm and pain in my chest. It feels tight right here (mid-sternal).” “My dad had a heart attack when he was 56-years-old and I am scared because I am 56-years-old.” 

HPI: Patient is a 56-year-old Caucasian male who presents to Express Hospital  Emergency Department with a chief complaint of chest pain that radiates down his left arm. He states this started this morning and has been getting worse, pointing to the mid-sternal area, “it feels like an elephant is sitting on my chest and having a hard time breathing”. He rates the pain as 9/10. Nothing has made the pain better or worse. He denies any previous episode of chest pain. Denies nausea, or lightheadedness. Nitroglycerin 0.4 mg tablet sublingual x 1 which decreased pain to 7/10.

Lipid panel reveals Total Cholesterol 424 mg/dl, high density lipoprotein (HDL) 26 mg/dl, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) 166 mg/dl, Triglycerides 702 mg/dl, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) 64 mg/dl. Have a look at NURS 6501 Week 5 Knowledge Check: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders

His diagnosis is an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction.

Question 1:

Which cholesterol is considered the “good” cholesterol and what does it do?

CC: “I woke up this morning at 6 a.m. with numbness in my left arm and pain in my chest. It feels tight right here (mid-sternal).” “My dad had a heart attack when he was 56-years-old and I am scared because I am 56-years-old.” 

HPI: Patient is a 56-year-old Caucasian male who presents to Express Hospital  Emergency Department with a chief complaint of chest pain that radiates down his left arm. He states this started this morning and has been getting worse, pointing to the mid-sternal area, “it feels like an elephant is sitting on my chest and having a hard time breathing”. He rates the pain as 9/10. Nothing has made the pain better or worse. He denies any previous episode of chest pain. Denies nausea, or lightheadedness. Nitroglycerin 0.4 mg tablet sublingual x 1 which decreased pain to 7/10.

Lipid panel reveals Total Cholesterol 424 mg/dl, high density lipoprotein (HDL) 26 mg/dl, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) 166 mg/dl, Triglycerides 702 mg/dl, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) 64 mg/dl

His diagnosis is an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction.

Question 2:

1.     How does inflammation contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?

cenario 2: Pleural Friction Rub

A 35-year-old female with a positive history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents to the Emergency Room (ER) with complaints of sharp retrosternal chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or lying down. She reports a 5-day history of low-grade fever, listlessness and says she feels like she had the flu. Physical exam reveals tachycardia and a pleural friction rub. She was diagnosed with acute pericarditis.

Question:

1.     Because of the result of a pleural friction rub, what does the APRN recognize?

cenario 3 Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

A 81-year-old obese female patient who 48 hours post-op left total hip replacement. The patient has had severe nausea and vomiting and has been unable to go to physical therapy. Her mucus membranes are dry. The patient says the skin on her left leg is too tight. Exam reveals a swollen, tense, and red colored calf. The patient has a duplex ultrasound which reveals the presence of a deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Question:

1.     Given the history of the patient explain what contributed to the development of a deep venous thrombosis (DVT

Scenario 4:  COPD

A 66-year-old female with a 50 pack/year history of cigarette smoking had a CT scan and was diagnosed with emphysema.  He asks if this means he has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Question:

1.     There is a clear relationship between emphysema and COPD, explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and the relationship to COPD.

NURS 6501 Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Example Approach

Which cholesterol is considered the “good” cholesterol and what does it do?

The level of cholesterol plays an indispensable role in the cardiovascular disease process. For instance, hyperlipidemia increases the risk of the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it mops up cholesterol from the bloodstream and peripheral tissues to the liver where it is metabolized (Barter & Genest, 2019).

Cholesterol is ordinarily stored in foam cells of atherosclerotic plaques. Consequently, HDL cholesterol has anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties as it diminishes the size of the plaque and its bracketed inflammation. According to Barter and Genest (2019), HDL cholesterol is considered low when it is less than 40 mg/dl and high while it is desirable when it is 60 mg/dl or more.

How does inflammation contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?

Inflammation plays a central role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis (McCance & Huether, 2019). According to McCance and Huether (2019), atherosclerosis is a disease of chronic inflammation distinguished by a dysfunctional interplay between lipids and the immune system. Inflammation is present at all stages of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury leads to endothelial dysfunction.

Endothelial cell dysfunction results in the expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which result in monocyte adhesion and emigration into the intima. Subsequent macrophage and T-cell activation results in increased cytokine production that spearheads smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix synthesis (Jebari-Benslaiman et al., 2022). Additionally, macrophages oxidize LDL cholesterol. Oxidized LDL cholesterol is toxic to the intima and enhances endothelial cell injury causing a vicious cycle of endothelial cell injury and subsequent inflammation.

Given the history of the patient explain what contributed to the development of a deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

DVT originates from an interplay between venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability (McCance & Huether, 2019). Endothelial injury stimulates an inflammatory response as well as the activation of the coagulation system. On the other hand, venous stasis brings platelets into contact with the endothelium, prevents the dilution of activated clotting factors, and retards the inflow of clot-inhibiting factors.

This Virchow’s triad interrelates in various degrees to stimulate cytokine production and leucocyte adhesion that facilitate thrombus formation (Zhang et al., 2019). Consequently, factors predisposing to venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability increase the risk of developing DVT.

The patient has risk factors for venous stasis, such as advanced age, immobility, and obesity. Additionally, the patient had a hypercoagulable state significantly contributed by the surgery of the hip (Zhang et al., 2019). Finally, trauma due to surgery is the principal cause of endothelial injury. The ultimate result is the formation of a clot in the deep venous system whose propagation depends entirely on the balance between thrombolytic and coagulation pathways.

There is a clear relationship between emphysema and COPD, explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and the relationship to COPD

Emphysema is a condition characterized by permanent dilatation distal to the terminal bronchiole without fibrosis. It is ordinarily due to alveolar wall destruction. Irritants, particularly cigarette smoking, stimulate an inflammatory process that results in protease-antiprotease as well as oxidant-antioxidant imbalances. Proteases, particularly elastase, destroy elastic fibers leading to loss of elastic recoil and alveolar collapse (Brandsma et al., 2020).

Additionally, oxidants found in cigarette smoke and reactive oxygen species produced by activated neutrophils and macrophages leading to the depletion of local antioxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase with subsequent oxidative damage. Ultimately, the destruction of the air sacs results leading to airflow obstruction. Since these changes are incompletely reversible, COPD results (Brandsma et al., 2020).

References

Barter, P., & Genest, J. (2019). HDL and ASCVD risk stratification – A debate. Atherosclerosis, 283, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.001

Brandsma, C.-A., Van den Berge, M., Hackett, T.-L., Brusselle, G., & Timens, W. (2020). Recent advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis: from disease mechanisms to precision medicine. The Journal of Pathology, 250(5), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5364

Jebari-Benslaiman, S., Galicia-García, U., Larrea-Sebal, A., Olaetxea, J. R., Alloza, I., Vandenbroeck, K., Benito-Vicente, A., & Martín, C. (2022). Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(6), 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063346

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.

Zhang, W., Huai, Y., Wang, W., Xue, K., Chen, L., Chen, C., & Qian, A. (2019). A Retrospective cohort study on the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) for patients with a traumatic fracture at Honghui Hospital. BMJ Open, 9(3), e024247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024247