NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics – Step-by-Step Guide
The first step before starting to write the NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment.
It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list.
You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.
How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.
How to Write the In-text Citations for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:
The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.
How to Format the Reference List for NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication.
Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:
References
Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456
Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.
NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics Instructions
In this exercise, you will complete a 5-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content. Have a look at NURS 6501 Final Exam Revision
Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:
- Growth and development
- Normal growth patterns
- Scoliosis (ortho)
- Kawasaki
- Alterations in children
- Congenital (heart syndrome)
- PDAs
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Asthma
- Lead poisoning and effects on neurological functioning
- Sickle cell
- Hemophilia
Scenario 1: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents who states that the boy has not been eating and listless. The mother also notes that he has been easily bruising without trauma as he says he is too tired to go out and play. He says his bones hurt sometimes. Mother states the child has had intermittent fevers that respond to acetaminophen.
Maternal history negative for pre, intra, or post-partum problems.
PMH: Negative. Easily reached developmental milestones.
PE: reveals a thin, very pale child who has bruises on his arms and legs in no particular pattern.
LABS: CBC revealed Hemoglobin of 6.9/dl, hematocrit of 19%, and platelet count of 80,000/mm3. The CMP demonstrated a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 34m g/dl and creatinine of 2.9 mg/dl.
DIAGNOSIS: acute leukemia and renal failure and immediately refers the patient to the Emergency Room where a pediatric hematologist has been consulted and is waiting for the boy and his parents.
CONFIRMED DX: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was made after extensive testing.
Question
1. Explain what ALL is?
Scenario 1: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents who states that the boy has not been eating and listless. The mother also notes that he has been easily bruising without trauma as he says he is too tired to go out and play. He says his bones hurt sometimes. Mother states the child has had intermittent fevers that respond to acetaminophen.
Maternal history negative for pre, intra, or post-partum problems.
PMH: Negative. Easily reached developmental milestones.
PE: reveals a thin, very pale child who has bruises on his arms and legs in no particular pattern.
LABS: CBC revealed Hemoglobin of 6.9/dl, hematocrit of 19%, and platelet count of 80,000/mm3. The CMP demonstrated a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 34m g/dl and creatinine of 2.9 mg/dl.
DIAGNOSIS: acute leukemia and renal failure and immediately refers the patient to the Emergency Room where a pediatric hematologist has been consulted and is waiting for the boy and his parents.
CONFIRMED DX: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was made after extensive testing.
Question
1. Why does ARF occur in some patients with ALL?
Scenario 2: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
A 15-year-old male with known sickle cell disease (SCD) present to the ER in sickle cell crisis. The patient is crying with pain and states this is the third acute episode he has had in the last 10-months. Both parents are present and appear very anxious and teary eyed. A diagnosis of acute sickle cell crisis was made.
Question
Explain the pathophysiology of acute SCD crisis. Why is pain the predominate feature of acute crises?
Scenario 2: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
A 15-year-old male with known sickle cell disease (SCD) present to the ER in sickle cell crisis. The patient is crying with pain and states this is the third acute episode he has had in the last 10-months. Both parents are present and appear very anxious and teary eyed. A diagnosis of acute sickle cell crisis was made.
Question
1. Discuss the genetic basis for SCD.
Scenario 3: Hemophilia
8-month infant is brought into the office due to a swollen right knee and excessive bruising. The parents have noticed bruising about a month ago but thought the bruising was due to the attempts to crawl. They became concerned when the baby woke up with a swollen knee. Infant up to date on all immunizations, has not had any medical problems since birth and has met all developmental milestones.
FH: negative for any history of bleeding disorders or other major genetic diseases.
PE: within normal limits except for obvious bruising on the extremities and right knee. Knee is swollen but no warmth appreciated. Range of motion of knee limited due to the swelling.
DIAGNOSIS: hemophilia A.
Question
1. What is the pathophysiology of Hemophilia
NURS 6501 Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics Sample Approach
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
This is a malignancy of the hematological system, mainly affecting the white blood cells, though the red blood cells and platelets are also affected. It affects both the B and T lymphocytes and its hallmark is the replacement of the bone marrow and other lymphoid organs with immature lymphocytes and their progenitors.
Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature cells leads to their overwhelming numbers in the bone marrow. Even though this condition affects both adults and children, 80% of the cases occur in children. A study by Puckett and Chan (2022) found that acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounts for 2% of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States of America. In addition, the condition affects more males than females and is more prevalent in Caucasians as compared to African Americans.
The signs and symptoms include easy bruising, fatigue, recurrent infections, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Furthermore, B symptoms like weight loss, night sweats, and fever also occur. These presenting features are related to thrombocytopenia, anemia, and neutropenia as a result of the replacement of normal bone marrow elements with malignant cells.
Why Acute Renal Failure Occur In Some Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Castaman and Matino (2029) define acute renal failure as a sudden reduction in the function of the kidney, which is denoted by an increase in creatinine level and decreased production of urine. Most of the time, this change is reversible with immediate intervention. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can cause kidney injury through several mechanisms.
To begin with, it can cause acute tubular necrosis due to tumor lysis syndrome or lysozyme-induced necrosis of the tubules. In addition, there is usually poor intake, early satiety, and anorexia in these patients. This causes volume depletion, resulting in pre-renal kidney injury. Additionally, there is also infiltration of the kidney by the malignant cells, causing direct injury, though this is seen in rare cases (Rose et al., 2019). Furthermore, there can be glomerular injury as a result of lysozymes passed in the urine. This can also lead to injury to the kidneys.
Pathophysiology of Acute Sickle Cell Crisis
Sickle cell disease is one of the congenital hemolytic disorders that causes a lot of morbidity in patients. In this condition, there is the production of abnormal Hemoglobin S, which is not as elastic and deformable as normal Hemoglobin A. This causes the red cells to have a sickle shape and are rigid, therefore unable to pass through the tiny capillaries.
During stressful conditions such as dehydration, hypoxia, overexertion, or infection, hemolysis and occlusion of the blood vessels by the sickled red cells occur. This leads to stimulation of the nociceptive nerve fibers (Sundd et al., 2019). The patients, therefore, present with severe, excruciating pain that is the hallmark of acute sickle cell crisis. Apart from pain, obstruction of the microvasculature also leads to the development of ischemia, necrosis, edema, and damage to various organs of the body.
Genetic Basis For Sickle Cell Disease
This is one of the most common congenital hemolytic diseases. Its inheritance is autosomal recessive, meaning that two people who are carriers can give birth to a child with the disease. In this condition, there is the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the hemoglobin–beta gene located on chromosome 11. This will lead to the production of defective hemoglobin S, which is rigid and vulnerable to hemolysis. The hemoglobin causes polymerization and changes the shape and ability of the red cells to deform. The cells are therefore trapped in the capillaries and microvasculature.
Pathophysiology of Hemophilia
Hemophilia is a hereditary hemorrhagic disorder characterized by excessive and prolonged bleeding in affected individuals. In the process of clot formation, there are two pathways involved, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways. These factors involve the activation of various clotting factors that eventually lead to the formation of a clot to stop bleeding. Factors VIII and IX are important in the stimulation of the intrinsic pathway. In this condition, there is a deficiency of the two factors leading to the failure of activation of the intrinsic pathway. This is what causes the prolonged bleeding. A deficiency of factor VIII is termed hemophilia A, while that of factor IX is termed hemophilia B.
Conclusion
Hematological conditions in children usually have a lot of morbidity and mortality and most of them have a genetic component. Early identification and diagnosis can help in better management. Genetic counseling and testing are therefore important for couples before they conceive.
References
Castaman, G., & Matino, D. (2019). Hemophilia A and B: molecular and clinical similarities and differences. Haematologica, 104(9), 1702–1709. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.221093
Rose, A., Slone, S., & Padron, E. (2019). Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as acute renal failure. Case Reports in Nephrology, 2019, 7913027. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7913027
Sundd, P., Gladwin, M. T., & Novelli, E. M. (2019). Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Annual Review of Pathology, 14(1), 263–292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012838
