NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table – Step-by-Step Guide
The first step before starting to write the NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment.
It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.
How to Research and Prepare for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list.
You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.
How to Write the Introduction for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.
How to Write the Body for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.
How to Write the In-text Citations for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:
The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.
How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.
How to Format the Reference List for NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded, in sentence sentence care. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication.
Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:
References
Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.
NRS 445 Literature Evaluation Table
The purpose of this assignment is to refine the PICOT question you developed in the discussion forum this week and begin evaluating literature that you will use in subsequent weeks to write your research paper.
Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment. Prior to starting the “Literature Evaluation Table,” complete the following:
1. Review the feedback you have received in the discussion forum related to your PICOT question so far. Make any necessary edits to your PICOT question.
2. Conduct a literature search to locate four research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. Note: This literature search should include two quantitative and two qualitative, peer-reviewed, primary research articles to support your nursing practice problem. A mixed-methods article can qualify towards meeting a qualitative or quantitative methodology. The two articles identified in Topic 1 DQ 2 can be used should you still find them relevant to your PICOT question.
Articles must be published within the past 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice.
The PICOT question and four peer-reviewed research articles you chose will be utilized for subsequent assignments.
Note: For best search results, do not include the words qualitative and quantitative in your search terms. Do include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Search for diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used in the articles the search produced, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods. Systematic reviews, literature reviews, and metanalysis articles are good resources and provide a strong level of evidence but are not considered primary research articles. Therefore, they should not be included in this assignment.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.
American Association of Colleges of Nursing Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education
This assignment aligns to AACN Core Competency 1.2, 3.5, 4.1, 4.2
NRS-445 Topic 1: Literature Evaluation Table Example
Student Name: MM
Faculty Name:
Background of Nursing Practice Problem (one paragraph; no more than 250 words): Chronic primary pain is described as pain in one or more anatomic regions that persists or recurs for longer than 3 months. It is associated with significant emotional distress or significant functional disability that cannot be better explained by another chronic pain condition.
PICOT: In elderly patients with chronic pain (P), how does the use of non-pharmacological interventions (I) compared to pharmacological interventions (C) affect the level of pain and quality of life (O) over a period of six months (T)?
PICO(T) Question: Use the PICOT question developed in Topic 1 Discussion Question (DQ) 2 and refine it as needed.
| PICO(T) Question Template | ||
| P | Population | Elderly patients with chronic pain |
| I | Intervention | Use of non-pharmacological interventions |
| C | Comparison | Pharmacological interventions |
| O | Outcome | Affect level of pain and quality of life |
| T | Timeline (optional) | Within 6 months |
| Intervention | ||
| In elderly patients with chronic pain (P), how does the use of non-pharmacological interventions (I) compared to pharmacological interventions (C) affect the level of pain and quality of life (O) over a period of six months (T)? | ||
| Problem Statement | ||
It is not known if the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions (I) would impact level of pain and quality of life (O) among elderly patients with chronic pain.
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| APA Reference Include the GCU permalink or working link used to access the article | Smith, J., & Jones, M. (2019). Living with chronic pain: Evaluating patient experiences with healthcare services. Pain Management Nursing, 20(1), 100-108 https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC6178358/ https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/nop2.160 | Johnson, A., & Smith, B. (2020). Nonpharmacological interventions versus pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(5), 1000-1010. https:// www.cochranelibrary.co m/cdsr/doi/ 10.1002/14651858.CD01 2622.pub2/full | Serra, S., Spampinato, M. D., Riccardi, A., Guarino, M., Fabbri, A., Orsi, L., & De Iaco, F. (2023). Pain management at the end of life in the emergency department: a narrative review of the literature and a practical clinical approach. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(13), 435 https:// www.mdpi.com/20770383/12/13/4357 | Soares Fonseca, L., Pereira Silva, J., Bastos Souza, M., Gabrich Moraes Campos, M., de Oliveira Mascarenhas, R., de Jesus Silva, H., … & Cunha Oliveira, V. (2023). Effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy on pain intensity and disability in older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. European Spine Journal, 32(9), 3245-3271 https:// systematicreviewsjournal .biomedcentral.com/ articles/10.1186/s13643- |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| 023-02369-0 | ||||
| Purpose/Aim of Study | The aim of the study is to identify if nonpharmacological interventions can provide patients with chronic pain relief allowing them to live their everyday lives comfortably. | This review aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of non pharmacological therapies for the management of chronic pain. | The management of special situations, including rapid acute deterioration of chronic pain, breakthrough pain, and sedative palliation, managing these special situations with pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management. | The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to investigate the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy on pain intensity and disability of older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain, providing comprehensive evidence for an informed decision making. |
| Research question(s) | How do patients with chronic pain experience healthcare services? What expectations do the patients express in relation to their health care? | Do non medication treatments improve chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison to inactive treatment? Are non pharmacologicalinterventions (unidisciplinary and/or multidisciplinary rehabilitation) effective in reducing chronic pain? | Can EOL pain be managed with nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions? Do nonpharmacological interventions provide palliative pain relief? | Compare the effect of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, placebo, sham, no intervention, and waiting list. Do patients experience pain relief? |
| Design | This qualitative study | This quantitative study | The qualitative article | A quantitative article by |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| Is the article qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods? Explain how you determined the type of research design. | explores the experiences of elderly patients with chronic pain, providing insights into the effectiveness and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions. | published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cross over studies that compared non pharmacological interventions with no treatment, sham and usual care, for managing chronic pain in MS were included. | by Serra et al., (2023) explores the experiences of elderly patients with NonPharmacological Pain Management in Residential Care. The study looks into the perceptions of the elderly who were undergoing nonpharmacological pain management. Identify the available literature on the management of severe end of life pain in the Emergency Room. | Soares Fonseca et al., (2023) explain the difference between NonPharmacological and Pharmacological Pain Management in elderly. The research compares the efficacy of nonpharmacological techniques with standard pharmacological treatments in managing chronic pain among the elderly. |
| Setting Where did the study take place? What type of setting: inpatient, outpatient, etc.? | The study took place in Normandy. Study was completed as an outpatient study. | Study was preformed inpatient, outpatient, community and homebased. | Study took place in Italy, participants were inpatient, ER. | The type of setting was outpatient. |
| Sample Number and characteristics of participants | 18 participants which investigated different non-pharmacological interventions for the management of chronic pain in MS fulfilled the review inclusion | The study population had a confirmed diagnosis of MS based on standard criteria and participants were aged 18 years and older with chronic pain. 10 RCTs with 565 | 19 articles were eligible for inclusion. Participants were ER patients with end-of-life pain. | Characteristics of the participants includes participants of the age 60 years or older. Chronic pain. Those with terminal illness were excluded. Trials that investigated |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| criteria. Sixteen women and two men. Individuals with chronic nonmalignant pain were recruited. | participants | participants with suspected or confirmed specific spinal conditions (i.e., fracture, cancer, inflammatory or infectious diseases of the spine, cauda equina syndrome/widespread neurological disorder, radiculopathy) were excluded. | ||
| Methods Interventions/Instruments | A total of 18 individual semistructured interviews was conducted in 2015. Qualitative content analysis was applied. | Unidisciplinary: physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and individual treatment modalities, thermotherapy such as heat and cold application, psychological and behavioral therapies including cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis, relaxation training, yoga, massage, chiropractic manipulation. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs such as: occupational | Connventional pairwise meta-analysis is limited to comparing two interventions at a time and to previous trials that directly investigated these interventions, and they may not always provide all the information required to make a clinical decision. | A systematic search to identify randomized controlled trials of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for older people with chronic nonspecific low back pain.This study was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses Protocol. RCTs investigating at least two different interventions of interest as defined above will be included. Randomization can be at |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| therapy, physiotherapy, exercise physiology, orthotics, other allied health and nursing. | the individual or group level, and both parallel group and crossover designs will be included | |||
| Analysis How were the collected data analyzed? | The interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide and lasted 55–75 min. The researcher provided some structure based on the interview guide but allowed rooms for the participants to offer more spontaneous descriptions and narratives. The topics in the interview guide were: everyday life with chronic pain, carespecific challenges and experiences with offered healthcare. | Trials with multiple observations for the same outcome were assessed according to randomization and types of interventions, and separate analyses based on different periods were performed. Studies with parallel groups were included, but only data from the first phase of cross over trials were included, due to the potential carry over effects in the second phase | A comprehensive review was conducted by 20 March 2023. The databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and “Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials” (CENTRAL) were searched. The search strategy of each database was modeled using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) and Boolean operators: “emergency department” AND (“pain management” OR “analgesia”) AN. (“terminally ill” OR “palliative care” OR “actively dying” OR “end of life”). | This association of randomized controlled trials was prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) and Cochrane recommendations. They have completed the PRISMA-P checklist (Supplementary file). A PRISMANMA extension statement to structure the contents of the actual systematic review and NMA were used. |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| Outcomes/key findings of the study and implications for nursing practice Summary of study results | Findings stress that it is vital for individuals with chronic pain to have their illness experiences and lifeworld considered as valuable. participants experienced challenges related to their multifaceted pain condition. The article implies the importance of holistic understanding and support for more person centered practiceto accommodate patients’ expectations and expressed needs. | Limited and/or lack of high quality evidence forthe effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions. Despite the use of a wide range of non pharmacological interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in MS, the evidence for these interventions is still limited or insufficient, or both. | Despite intensive research in palliative care on the management of end-of-life symptoms, there is limited data on how to adequately manage palliative care and terminally ill patients whom are admitted to the emergency department with the symptom of severe pain. Additional research is detrimental in these areas to provide the best evidence-based supportive therapy. Although strong opioids remain the cornerstone of treatment for severe pain, ‘total pain’ has multiple components, and appropriate treatment should be carefully selected for the specific type of pain, including nonpharmacological and pharmacological pain management and sedative palliation. | Evidence-based guidelines for the management of LBP have supported mainly psychological and physical therapies with less focus on pharmacological therapies. lowquality evidence supporting exercise and trigger point acupuncture on disability in older people with nonspecific LBP at short term. Implications for nursing process include advocation, |
| Recommendations of the researcher | The study recommends nurses should be at the forefront of achieving a biopsychosocial approach to pain management, in | Recommendations of the researcher include to achieve adequate patientcentered care nurses and health care professionals must work as a team to | Researcher recommendation includes that healthcare teams must be aware that within the elderly population they have | The study recommends further research to be completed in order to properly assess the pain management with nonpharmacological |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| accordance with personcentered care. To achieve genuine personcentered practice, it is suggested that nurses should have a leading role and pay more attention to the patients’ values, expectations and expressed needs. | advocate for patient centered care. By providing the patients indivialized care plans which achieve their goal of pain control. This care plan can involve pharmacological interventions, nonpharmacological interventions or a combination. | often suffered from being overlooked, older people specificities that should be considered in the decision-making processes (comorbidities, and polypharmacy). These can all affect proper pain management. In this way, efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies should be clarified in this population, considering their context. | interventions, the goal is to provide debilitating pain relief which allows the patients to live their everyday life’s comfortably. Reccomendations also included increasing nonpharmacological pain management within helathcare settings. Often patients who are inpatient only receive pharmacological pain management but once discharged they are not receiving the same pain medications, they go home with pain and often minimal pain relief and do not have guidance or education on nonpharmacological pain management. | |
| Explain how this article supports your proposed PICO(T) question. | This article includes an intervention and comparison group that mirror those in the PICOT question. The pragmatic trial clearly | This article supports my proposed PICOT question analyzing the effect nonpharmacological interventions have on | Epidemiological studies found that the high prevalence of LBP in older people brings disability and increases costs in this population. | This article supports my PICOT question as it addresses pain management within elderly patients who present with chronic |
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 |
| evaluates outcomes of pain management. | chronic pain management. | The target aligns with our PICOT by analyzing pain control when using non-pharmacological or pharmacological interventions. | pain. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions were compared in order to come to a conclusion which answers my PICOT question. |
Research Terminology and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
Assessment Description
Complete the “Research Terminology and Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)” quiz. You will have 60 minutes to complete the quiz. You will have one opportunity to attempt the quiz, and it cannot be reopened once started. Check the next Discussion NRS 445 Topic 2 DQ 1 The three types of qualitative research designs here.
