NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

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NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests – Step-by-Step Guide With Example Solution

The first step before starting to write the NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests is to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment. 

It is also important to identify the paper’s audience and purpose, as this will help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, review its use, including writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review the formatting requirements for the title page and headings in the paper, as outlined by Chamberlain University.

How to Research and Prepare for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify a list of keywords related to your topic using various combinations. The first step is to visit the Chamberlain University library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from the Chamberlain University Library, PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last 5 years and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, such as APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list. 

You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next, create a detailed outline of the paper to help you develop headings and subheadings for the content. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part, as it helps provide the context of your work and determines whether the reader will be interested in reading through to the end. Begin with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.

How to Write the Body for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence collected from the research, and ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance, as well as how it relates to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between paragraphs by using transition words and a flow of ideas.

How to Write the In-text Citations for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

In-text citations help readers give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their work. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:

“The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Morelli et al. (2024), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Alawiye (2024) highlights that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.”

How to Write the Conclusion for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restating your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. Conclude with a call to action that leaves a lasting impression on the reader or offers recommendations.

How to Format the Reference List for NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests

The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically, and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication. 

Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:

References

Morelli, S., Daniele, C., D’Avenio, G., Grigioni, M., & Giansanti, D. (2024). Optimizing telehealth: Leveraging Key Performance Indicators for enhanced telehealth and digital healthcare outcomes (Telemechron Study). Healthcare, 12(13), 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12131319

Alawiye, T. (2024). The impact of digital technology on healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 13, 13-22. 10.4236/etsn.2024.132002.

NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests Instructions

Purpose

The purpose of this discussion is to demonstrate your understanding of the use of non-parametric statistical tests. Have a look at NR716 Week 6 Assignment: Translation Science and Synthesis.

Instructions

Select a practice-change problem and, from the literature, an intervention to impact outcomes. Imagine you are attempting to determine if the intervention is more effective than current practice. Explain the various types of non-parametric statistical tests that might be used to analyze the data collected during the implementation of the intervention. Provide a rationale for the use of non-parametric tests for this data set.

Please click on the following link to review the DNP Discussion Guidelines on the Student Resource Center program page:

  • Link (webpage): DNP Discussion Guidelines.
Course Outcomes 

This discussion enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:

  1. Evaluate selected statistical methods for the purposes of critiquing research to complement the critical appraisal of evidence. (POs 3, 5, 9)
  2. Analyze research and non-research data for the purposes of critical appraisal and judgment of evidence for translation into practice. (POs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)

NR716 Week 6 Discussion | Using Non-parametric Statistical Tests Example

The practice change problem is substance use disorder (SUD), and the intervention is interoceptive awareness training through Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy (MABT) (Esmaeili et al., 2019; Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b). The primary outcomes are interoceptive awareness and mindfulness skills (Esmaeili et al., 2019; Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b).

To determine if this intervention is more effective than current practice, the following measures were utilized in two studies for the primary outcomes: Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) with an internal consistency of the MAIA scales ranging from .44 to .93 and  Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) with a Cronbach alpha of .91 (Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b). The MAIA is a 32-item scale with a 5-point scale and the items range from never to always (Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b). The FMI is a 4-point Likert scale (Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b).

For these particular measures, an appropriate non-parametric test would be Chi-Square, which was performed in the study reviewed (Price et al., 2019a; Price et al., 2019b). Chi-Square is used when the level of measurement of all the variables is nominal or ordinal (Hayes, 2023). The Likert scale is ordinal data (Kampen, 2019). The Chi-Square test is appropriate when the variable is a categorical variable, which could be a Likert scale that varies in the description of each response, such as from very much to very little (Alabi et al., 2023).

The Likert scale data can be analyzed using non-parametric tests in addition to the Chi-Square test, such as the Mann–Whitney test, or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Gray et al., 2021). Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test compares the means between two independent groups, and it assumes that the data is not in a normal distribution (Gray et al., 2021). When the data is collected on the ordinal level, the Mann-Whitney U test would be appropriate for analysis of the data, which would be from a Likert scale (Kampen, 2019). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is also appropriate when the data is at the ordinal level (Gray et al., 2021).

When the Likert data is treated as ordinal data, it can be shown in a bar graph with median and mode. With Likert scale data, the best measure to use is the mode or the most frequent response (Tanujaya, 2022). The distribution of responses, such as percentages for items such as agree and disagree, can be displayed in a graphic, such as a bar chart, and each bar can correspond to each response category. The survey data could also be simplified from four response categories such as strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree) into two nominal categories, such as agree/disagree, accept/reject, as well (Hayes et al., 2023).

A non-parametric test would be appropriate to analyze the data for the measures utilized for this intervention. Thus, there are non-parametric options for Likert data. The chi-square used in the study would be appropriate.

References

Alabi, A.T.,  & Jelili, M.O. (2023). Clarifying Likert scale misconceptions for improved application in urban studies. Quality Quantitative, 57, 1337–1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01415-8.

Esmaeili, A., Khodadadi, M., Norozi, E., & Miri, M. R. (2018). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy on cognitive emotion regulation of patients under treatment with methadone. Journal of Substance Use, 23(1), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1348553.

Gray, J., Grove, S. K., & Burns, N. (2021). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier.

Hayes, A. (2023, January 13). Chi-Square (Χ2) statistic: What it is, examples, how and when to use the test. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/chi-square-statistic.asp.

Kampen, J. K. (2019). Reflections on and test of the metrological properties of summated rating, Likert, and other scales based on sums of ordinal variables. Measurement, 137, 428–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.083

Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., Crowell, S. E., Pike, K., Cheng, S. C., Parent, S., & Hooven, C. (2019a). Immediate effects of interoceptive awareness training through Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy (MABT) for women in substance use disorder treatment. Substance Abuse, 40(1):102-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2018.1488335

Price, C. J., Thompson, E. A., Crowell, S., & Pike, K. (2019b). Longitudinal effects of interoceptive awareness training through mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT) as an adjunct to women’s substance use disorder treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 198, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.012

Tanujaya, B., Prahmana, R. C. I., & Mumu, J. (2022). Likert scale in social sciences research: Problems and difficulties. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 16(4), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/winter2022/7