HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management. – Step-by-Step Guide

The first step before starting to write the HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management. It is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment. 

It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.

How to Research and Prepare for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list. 

You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.

How to Write the Body for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.

How to Write the In-text Citations for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:

The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.

How to Write the Conclusion for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.

How to Format the Reference List for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded, in sentence sentence care. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication. 

Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:

References

Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456

Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.

Instructions for HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management. Explain the value of establishing a framework for a project and provide an example in which a project management framework aided in the implementation of a new process.

Example 1 Approach to HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

Project management is leading a dedicated team to achieve goals or objectives in a desired timeframe. This discussion addresses the need for project management and its relationship with the nursing process. Project management is needed for the strategic alignment of organizational resources and objectives. It gives an organization unity of direction, allowing every person to contribute proportionality to the improvement process.

Project management is needed to scale and sustain success (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2018). Lavoid-Tremblay et al. (2018) note that project managers implement interventions such as developing support models, providing tools and rigorous lasting methods, training staff, and introducing collaboration and communication methods to initiate and sustain change. According to Silver et al. (2016), project management is necessary to direct collaborative efforts among various professionals to diagnose and manage healthcare problems. Project management is needed for better risk management.

According to Sipes (2019), project management allows healthcare institutions to identify and mitigate project risks that could lead to delays or losses, hence better outcomes. Project management and the nursing processes closely interrelate based on concepts and objectives. Both processes begin with assessing current problems (patient data and workflow state). The second phase entails determining the problem (diagnosis and developing a project plan. The third phase entails developing the goals, the fourth is implementing the plan, and the last is evaluating the plan/project for both processes. The nursing process provides a framework for patient care, while project management offers a framework for organizing, implementing, and evaluating patient care (Hakim, 2019).

A project framework is a preset framework that outlines methods, processes, tools, and resources implemented in a sequence to help manage a project. Projects can be tiresome, especially when managers have to implement many activities in a project. A project framework is necessary for resources and task prioritization (Goel et al., 2020). A project management framework also offers clarity and collaboration as all professionals know what to do and the timelines.

Frameworks improve organizations by ensuring activities are in order. In my clinical practice, there were high rates of catheter-acquired urinary tract infections. A team of professionals (I included) was assigned to identify and address the causes of CAUTIs. The project required many interventions, such as research, observation, data analysis, report writing, and acquiring resources, all of which required prioritization and resource allocation.

A critical path method, a project management framework, helps organize the tasks, allocate them to individuals, and avail necessary resources (Koke & Moehler, 2019). The critical path method improved unity and collaborative effort in the team, promoting our success in identifying and addressing CAUTI. The project was implemented during the allocated timeframe, no resources were wasted, and the team identified and addressed causes, leading to a 30 percent reduction in CAUTI rates. Project management frameworks are thus crucial to organizational success.

References

Goel, A., Ganesh, L. S., & Kaur, A. (2020). Project management for social good: A conceptual framework and research agenda for socially sustainable construction project management. International journal of managing projects in business. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-06-2019-0155

Hakim, A.  M. F. C FACPE. (2019). Hybrid Project management has a Role in health care today. Physician Leadership Journal6(2), 38-39.

Koke, B., & Moehler, R. C. (2019). Earned Green Value management for project management: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production230, 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.079 

Lavoie-Tremblay, M., Aubry, M., Richer, M. C., & Guylaine, C. Y. R. (2018). A health care project management office’s strategies for continual change and continuous improvement. The health care manager37(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0000000000000185

Silver, S. A., Harel, Z., McQuillan, R., Weizman, A. V., Thomas, A., Chertow, G. M., Gihad, N., Chaim, B., & Chan, C. T. (2016). How to begin a quality improvement project. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology11(5), 893–900. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11491015

Sipes, C. (2019). Project Management for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Springer Publishing Company.

Example 2 Approach to HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 1 Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management.

The concept of project management has become a key management strategy in large corporations, such as IBM, Apple, and Microsoft, and now, more recently, in healthcare where there is a need to put more formalized structure and organization to tasks carried out in organizations (Sipes, 2019). Also, in the article by Berger (2015), with the new electronic health records systems, regulations, and technologies have drastically enhanced the need for project management in healthcare. Organizations are taking on projects to incorporate new elements into their workflows, improve processes at every stage of the continuum of care, and enhance their facilities while improving outcomes and decreasing costs. These are the few of the reasons why project management is needed in healthcare nowadays.

Furthermore, the correlation of the project manager between nursing process and project management, is that it has similarities. According to Sipes (2019), applying the five basic principles of project management arises from project management’s similarity to the five steps of the nursing process. The steps and phases are like some project management terms and tasks, but differences may be only an issue of semantics. Ultimately, nurses, especially as they achieve more advanced levels in their practice, will find many similarities between processes of project management and the nursing process. The main difference is they are working on a project instead of patients.

Lastly, the importance of establishing a framework for a project is that it serves as a blueprint, it serves as a guide to know if you are in the correct path. It describes the actions you should take to keep the project on track, foster better teamwork, and raises the likelihood that the project will be successful. An example of a project management framework that helped in achieving to lower down our re-hospitalization rate.

On the first part, we had a management meeting and discussed the current situation of high re hospitalization rate, compared to the national average. Root cause analysis was done on what are the top reasons for the re admission. We then reviewed the current process to make sure no gaps in the care, a plan for the project was formulated then implemented and was closely monitored by clinical managers, currently the project is producing positive results since from the last 3 months our scores are trending down. The biggest challenge with changes in the system is how to sustain the new process.

References:

Berger K. (2015). A Primer on Project Management for Health Care. Harvard University. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/a-primer-on-project-management-for-health-care/

Sipes, C. (2019). Project management for the advanced practice nurse (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN-13: 9780826161956

HQS 620 Topic 1: Project Management Methodologies

Summary of Current Course Content Knowledge

Academic engagement through active participation in instructional activities related to the course objectives is paramount to your success in this course and future courses.  Through interaction with your instructor and classmates, you will explore the course material and be provided with the best opportunity for objective and competency mastery.  To begin this class, review the course objectives for each Topic, and then answer the following questions as this will help guide your instructor for course instruction. 

  1. Which weekly objectives do you have prior knowledge of and to what extent?
  2. Which weekly objectives do you have no prior knowledge of?
  3. What course-related topics would you like to discuss with your instructor and classmates?  What questions or concerns do you have about this course? 

Example Summary of Current Course Content Knowledge

Project management is a relatively new course, and most objectives are fairly new. However, I have prior knowledge of some of these objectives, and some I do not and will need to discuss with classmates and the course instructor. Some of the objectives I have a vast prior knowledge of include: describing the roles and functions of a project manager, steps involved in initiating and designing a project, the Gantt chart to schedule tasks in a project, the importance of monitoring critical success factors, elements of the communication cycle, communication strategies and how they can improve communication, the importance of an implementation checklist, significance if addressing change management in the implementation phase. Others include the benefits of evaluating project outcomes, celebrating success, and the importance of final analysis and debriefing after project closure. I have interacted with the objectives in previous topics, and meeting them in this course will help build on the schema.

I have some knowledge in areas such as the value of a work breakdown structure and the value of monitoring the progress of a project. Some of the objectives I have no prior knowledge of include analyzing authority gradients related to team selection and formulation, creating a project charter, and identifying project adjustments needed and when to implement them. Topic 3, project design, is one of the topics I will need to discuss with the course instructor and classmates. Some complex concepts may require more attention and perspectives from peers and the course instructor. Another topic is Topic 7, Progress Tracking Strategies. The topic is significant in project management, and I have limited knowledge. I have no apparent questions or concerns about the course and am eager to learn.

Topic 1 DQ 1

Describe why project management is needed and explain the correlation between the nursing process and project management. Explain the value of establishing a framework for a project and provide an example in which a project management framework aided in the implementation of a new process.

HQS 620 Topic 1 DQ 2

Review Figure 2.1 “The Five Steps of the Nursing Process” and Figure 2.2 “The Five Phases of Project Management” in Chapter 2 of the textbook. As you reflect on the five steps of the nursing process, describe how that process aligns with the concept of project management. Provide specific examples of the similarities between elements of Figure 2.1 and 2.2.

HQS 620 Topic 1 Assignment – Project Management Methodologies

The purpose of this assignment is to contrast common project management methodologies that can be utilized in health care project management. Conduct your own research so you are able to contrast Lean/Six Sigma, Waterfall, PSDA, and Agile methodologies. In addition, select another project management methodology of your choice.

Use the Project Management Methodologies template to complete the assignment.

This assignment requires two to three scholarly resources.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Attachments

HQS-620-RS-ProjectManagementMethodologiesTemplate

HQS 620 Topic 2: Project Manager Role

Topic 2 DQ 1

Describe three significant skills that are essential to have in the role as project manager. How do those skills align with the skills needed in the nursing profession? Provide a specific example to support your answer. Discuss one to two effective strategies to promote a high reliability organization.

Topic 2 DQ 2

As the project manager it is important to understand team dynamics. Describe how you would apply your leadership skills to move team members from the “storming” to “norming” stage of team development.

HQS 620 Topic 2 Case Study – Role of a Project Manager

The purpose of this assignment is to determine the role of a project manager for a given case study. Use the “AHRQ Case Studies – Case Studies of Quality Improvement Initiatives” from the AHRQ website located in the Topic 2 topic Resources to complete this assignment. The case studies located in Chapter 8 of the textbook provide additional support for this assignment.

Select and read a case study from “AHRQ Case Studies – Case Studies of Quality Improvement Initiatives”. Once you have read the case study, in a 500-700-word paper, address the following:

  1. Describe the problem outlined in the case study.
  2. Discuss the project goals.
  3. Describe the role of the project manager addressing the following: 
  4. Planning
  5. Organizing
  6. Budgeting
  7. Monitoring progress
  8. Managing reports and documentation
  9. Health care quality and safety initiatives.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS 620 Topic 3: Project Design

Topic 3 DQ 1

Describe the value of creating a statement of work (SOW) and project charter. What elements of these documents will be valuable in project management? Provide a specific example to support your answer.

Topic 3 DQ 2

How do key stakeholders and project team members differ and how are they the same? As the project manager, how do you ensure that the individuals that perform the work have a voice in the project development?

HQS 620 Topic 3 Assignment : Project Charter Template

The purpose of this assignment is to create a project charter with a work breakdown structure. Select one case study in Chapter 8 of the textbook from the following options: Case Study: Nurse Manager or Case Study: Informatics Nurse Specialist (INS).  The case study you select in this topic will be used throughout the course to complete the assignments in Topics 3-7.

Review Figure 3.2 “Project Charter Content” from Chapter 3 in the textbook. Use this as a model to complete the “Project Charter Template” located in the topic Resources folder. You will complete the template as if you are the project manager. The project charter will serve as a statement of work for the case study you selected in Chapter 8 of the textbook.

This assignment requires one or two scholarly resources.

Prepare Part 2 of the template according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS-620-RS-ProjectCharterTemplate.docx

HQS 620 Topic 4: Planning

Topic 4 DQ 1

Describe the relationship between project deliverables, goals, and outcomes.  How are each important and what makes each different? Provide an example of each to support your position.

Topic 4 DQ 2

How does a “shared mental model” or visual tool assist in the completion of a project? What elements are important to include in such a visual and why?

HQS 620 Topic 4 Assignment: Building a Project Schedule

The purpose of this assignment is to create a Gantt chart to outline the tasks and schedule for the case study you selected in the Class Resources. Recall that you created a project charter as the Topic 3 assignment. Review the feedback you received from your instructor for that assignment.

Part 1: Use the feedback from the Topic 3 assignment to create a Gantt chart showing the tasks and the time in which tasks should be completed for the project.To complete this assignment, access the Simple Gantt Chart located on the Microsoft Office website at: https://templates.office.com/en-us/simple-gantt-chart-tm16400962    

Part 2: Create a 250-500-word summary addressing the following:

  1. What is the value of a work breakdown structure? 
  2. What is the importance of monitoring critical success factors? 

Submit both the Gantt chart and the summary to the dropbox.

Prepare the Part 2 summary according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS 620 Topic 5: Communication

Topic 5 DQ 1

The formula to calculate the communication channels is: n x (n – 1) / 2. N is the number of team members. Use the formula to determine the number of communication channels for a team of five members. Based on your calculation, what are the possible number of communication channels on the project team? Do you agree or disagree with the calculation? Should all stakeholders (even those not on the team) be included? Explain your rationale.

Topic 5 DQ 2

Identify three workplace environmental factors (i.e., organizational culture, staffing issues, regulatory requirements, etc.) and explain how they might adversely influence project communication. How might your own communication bias influence project communication?

HQS 620 Topic 5 Assignment : Communication Plan

The purpose of this assignment is to create a communication plan for stakeholders. This communication plan is in relation to the case study you selected in the Class Resources. 

Complete the “Communication Plan Template” located in the topic Resources folder.

This assignment requires two or three scholarly resources.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Prepare Part 2 of the template according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS 620 Topic 6: Implementation

Topic 6 DQ 1

What are some of the downstream implications for a change in scope on a project? Provide a specific scenario to support your answer.

Topic 6 DQ 2

You are leading a project team to implement computerized provider order entry and several physician groups are resistant. What approach would you take to facilitate change? Support your position with one or two scholarly resources.

HQS 620 Topic 6 Assignment: Implementation Checklist

The purpose of this assignment is to outline an implementation strategy for the goals in the previous phases of project management for the case study you selected in the Class Resources. 

Use the “Implementation Checklist Template” located in the topic Resources folder to complete this assignment.

Prepare Part 2 of the template according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS 620 Topic 7: Progress Tracking Strategies

Topic 7 DQ 1

What is the difference between monitoring and controlling during the tracking phase of a project? Provide an example of a tool other than a fishbone chart that can be used to monitor and control within a project. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of this other tool.

Topic 7 DQ 2

Identify two potential reasons why a project might fail, the cause, associated risks, and how you would mitigate.

HQS 620 Topic 7 Assignment: Fishbone Diagram

The purpose of this assignment is to use a Fishbone Diagram to complete a root cause analysis. Identify a problem in your practice environment and utilize the topic Resource “Fishbone Analysis Diagram Template” to work through the problem to the root cause. Refer to “Problem-Solving Your Fishbone Into a Wishbone,” located in the topic Resources to complete this assignment.

While APA style is not required for Part 1, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Prepare Part 2 of the template according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HQS 620 Topic 8: Evaluating Outcomes

Topic 8 DQ 1

What is a transition plan, and why is a transition plan important at the completion of a project? What should be included, and who should receive copies of the transition plan?

Topic 8 DQ 2

Your patient safety project is finally complete on time but slightly over budget. There were a significant amount of challenges encountered throughout. The project manager, who has moved on to a new project will not hold a final debrief meeting to review successes and failures; is this a mistake? Provide a specific example to support your position.

Benchmark – Monitoring Progress and Project Outcomes

The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the value of monitoring project progress and evaluating outcomes to develop quality and safety initiatives. In a 750-900-word paper, address the following:

  1. Discuss the value of monitoring the progress of planned change and the impact it has on project outcomes. 
  2. Explain the benefits of evaluating overall project outcomes. 
  3. Discuss the importance of final project analysis and debriefing following project closure.
  4. Discuss who should be involved in the project debriefing. 
  5. Explain why it’s important to celebrate successful completion of a project. 
  6. How would you celebrate successful completion?
  7. If all desired outcomes are not met in a project, describe the appropriate next steps.
  8. Based on the case study in which you have applied the principles of project management to in Topics 3-8, develop at least two potential resulting quality and safety initiatives. 

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Benchmark Information 

 This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competency: 

MSN with an Emphasis in Health Care Quality and Patient Safety

 6.2: Use process improvement principles to design quality and safety initiatives.