NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem – Step-by-Step Guide
The first step before starting to write the NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment.
It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.
How to Research and Prepare for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list.
You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.
How to Write the Introduction for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.
How to Write the Body for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.
How to Write the In-text Citations for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:
The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.
How to Format the Reference List for NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem
The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication.
Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:
References
Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456
Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.
NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem Instructions
Week 6: Chronic Health Paper: (Choose one from the following list:)
Alzheimer’s dementia
Depression
Parkinson’s disease
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is:
Integrate knowledge and skills learned throughout NR503 course
Direct application of course objectives utilizing epidemiological analysis of a chronic health problem, along with state and national level data. Have a look at NR507 Week 1 Case Study.
Requirements:
This paper should clearly and comprehensively discuss a chronic health disease. Select a topic from the list provided by your course faculty.
The paper should be organized into the following sections:
Introduction (Identification of the problem) with a clear presentation of the problem as well as the significance and a scholarly overview of the paper’s content. No heading is used for the Introduction per APA current edition.
Background and Significance of the disease, to include: Definition, description, signs and symptoms. Incidence and prevalence of statistics by state with a comparison to national statistics pertaining to the disease. If after a search of the library and scholarly data bases, you are unable to find statistics for your home state, or other states, consider this a gap in the data and state as much in the body of the paper. For instance, you may state something like, After an exhausting search of the scholarly data bases, this writer is unable to locate incidence and/or prevalence data for the state of …. This indicates a gap in surveillance that will be included in the section of this paper.
Surveillance and Reporting: Current surveillance methods and mandated reporting processes as related to the chronic health condition chosen should be specific.
Epidemiological Analysis: Conduct a descriptive epidemiology analysis of the health condition. Be sure to include all of the 5 Ws: What, Who, Where, When, Why. Use details associated with all of the Ws, such as the Who which should include an analysis of the determinants of health. Include costs (both financial and social) associated with the disease or problem.
Screening and Guidelines: Review how the disease is diagnosed and current national standards (guidelines). Pick one screening test (review Week 2 Discussion Board) and review its sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and cost.
Plan: Integrating evidence, provide a plan of how a nurse practitioner will address this chronic health condition after graduation. Provide three specific interventions that are based on the evidence and include how you will measure outcomes (how will you know that the interventions have utility, are useful?) Note: Consider primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions as well as the integration of health policy advocacy efforts. All interventions should be based on evidence connected to a resource such as a scholarly piece of research.
Summary/Conclusion: Conclude in a clear manner with a brief overview of the keys points from each section of the paper utilizing integration of resources.
The paper should be formatted and organized into the following sections which focus on the chosen chronic health condition.
Adhere to all paper preparation guidelines (see below).
Preparing the Paper:
Page length: 7-10 pages, excluding title page and references.
APA format current edition
Include scholarly in-text references throughout and a reference list.
Include at least one table that the student creates to present information. Please refer to the Requirements or rubric for further details. APA formatting required.
Length: Papers not adhering to the page length may be subject to either (but not both) of the following at the discretion of the course faculty: 1. Your paper may be returned to you for editing to meet the length guidelines, or, 2. Your faculty may deduct up to five (5) points from the final grade.
Adhere to the Chamberlain College of Nursing academic policy on integrity as it pertains to the submission of original work for assignments.
NR503 Week 6 Epidemiological Analysis: Chronic Health Problem Example
Chronic Health Paper
Chronic conditions are the leading causes of premature deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and increased care costs. Raghupathi & Raghupathi (2018) define a chronic condition as “a physical or mental health condition that lasts more than one year and causes functional restrictions or requires ongoing monitoring and treatment” (p. 1). The World Health Organization [WHO] (2022) categorizes these conditions as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Depression is among the most common and burdensome chronic conditions, considering its prevalence and adverse effects, such as premature deaths associated with suicide, functional impairments, disability, and the high cost of preventive and management care.
Mayo Clinic (2022) presents depression as a multifactorial condition whose clinical manifestation includes anxiety, feelings of helplessness, reduced appetite, irritability, frustration, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms exacerbate adverse complications, including suicidal thoughts, self-harm, alcoholism, family conflicts, and premature deaths. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive discussion of the epidemiology of depression, encompassing the background and significance of the disease, surveillance and reporting, epidemiological analysis, screening and guidelines, and an evidence-based plan for preventing depression.
Background and Significance of Depression
Definition
Depression lacks a standard definition due to the presence of various clinical manifestations and risk factors. However, Chand & Arif (2022) define it as “a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.” Additionally, Chand & Arif (2022) contend that the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes depressive disorders into various classifications, including persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), a depressive disorder associated with medical conditions, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Although these categories of depressive disorders signify different causal factors and risks, they share similar signs and symptoms, including somatic and cognitive changes, as well as mood alterations (Chand & Arif, 2022). The presence of similar signs and symptoms across the five classes of depressive disorders enables healthcare professionals to adopt comprehensive screening tools and develop informed care plans for people with depression.
Description
The etiology of depression entails the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, rendering it a multifactorial condition. Although the exact causes of depression are subjects of scientific scrutiny, there are clear associations between major depressive disorders and multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), aspects that increase the individual propensity to depression are traumatic or stressful events, a family history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and the effects of some medications, such as sleeping pills and hypertension medications.
Equally, depression can emanate from multiple social issues. Mayo Clinic (2022) identifies personality traits like low self-esteem, abuse of recreational drugs, and social stigmatization due to individual sexual orientation and other variations as significant causes of depression. Finally, people with underlying medical conditions like chronic diseases are likely to suffer from depression due to overdependence on medications, health deterioration, disease-induced disability, pain, and suffering.
Besides these environmental and genetic risk factors, age and gender are equally essential when determining individual susceptibility to depression. In this sense, women and adults are more susceptible to major depressive disorders than children and men. The disproportionate effects and prevalence of depression rely massively upon the individual propensity to social, genetic, and environmental risk factors. For example, women are more likely to encounter depression emanating from domestic violence than men.
Signs and Symptoms
Although the DSM-5 classifies major depressive disorders into five categories, they share similar clinical manifestations, signs, and symptoms. According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2021), people with depression experience mood alterations that manifest as a feeling of helplessness, irritability, loss of pleasure or interest in activities, and the perception of worthlessness.
Besides these symptoms, depression manifests through various bodily signs, including fatigue, pain, and weakness. Equally, major depressive disorders result in functional declines, relational issues like difficulties establishing a personal, family, and social relationships, and a decline in occupational and educational performance (World Health Organization, 2021). Other common symptoms of depression are insomnia, changes in weight and appetite, and suicidal thoughts that emerge as the primary cause of premature mortalities for people with depression.
People with depression demonstrate different patterns of mood disorders despite exhibiting common signs and symptoms. According to the World Health Organization (2021), it is possible to categorize depressive episodes as mild, moderate, and severe, consistent with the number and severity of the reported symptoms. Equally, the symptoms’ impacts on the individual’s functioning can determine the level of depressive episodes.
In the context of defining the patterns of mood disorders in people with depression, single episodes, recurrent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder emerge as three primary themes for categorizing depressive episodes. In this sense, bipolar disorder remains the most adverse pattern of major depressive disorder characterized by periods of manic symptoms, including increased activity, increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, impulsive behaviors, insomnia, and distractibility (World Health Organization, 2021). These symptoms prompt healthcare professionals to implement strategies for improving patient outcomes and averting depression-related complications.
Incidence and Prevalence Statistics
Major depressive disorders remain a significant public health concern in the United States and California. According to the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] (2022), about 21 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in 2020, representing approximately 8.4% of all US adults. In the same vein, the prevalence rate of major depressive episodes was highest among adults aged 18-25 years (17.0%). Adult females (10.5%) were more susceptible to depression than males (6.2%) (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). Further, 2020 statistics revealed the disproportionate prevalence of depression based on ethnicity and race. In this sense, adults of two or more races were the most vulnerable group (29.9%), followed by White (18.7%) and Hispanic (15.7%).
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the major depressive episodes in California and the United States. According to KFF (2021), about 31.6% of adults in the United States reported various symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorder, including insomnia and mood alterations, representing a prevalence rate of more than three in ten adults. Compared to the United States, about 32% of adults in California reported different episodes of depression, such as anxiety. Further, in the state, 6.7% of adults (aged 18 years and over) reported alcohol use disorder in the past year (2018-2019) compared to 5.7% in the United States (KFF, 2021). Between 2018 and 2019, about 4.5% of adults in California grappled with suicidal thoughts, a rate which was similar in the United States (4.6%). Based on such statistics, it is valid to argue that California bears a massive burden of depression and its predictors, such as the proliferation of suicidal thoughts.
Despite the availability of statistics regarding the prevalence of depression in California and the United States, there are unaddressed information gaps that require statistical input. For instance, identifying a comprehensive dataset for depression prevalence and incidence in the state is a daunting process. Therefore, these information gaps can jeopardize a consistent analysis of the state’s performance in relation to national performance benchmarks and metrics.
Social Determinants of Health
Social determinants are circumstances in the environment where people live and work that shape their health and wellness. According to Alegria et al. (2019), these social determinants of health contribute to underlying health inequalities and exacerbate adverse consequences, including lower life expectancy, a substantial economic burden of diseases, and increased mortality rates. In the context of major depressive disorders in California and the United States, core determinants of individual propensity to the disease include employment status, poverty, infrastructural deficiencies, sociocultural contexts like discrimination, and the level of educational attainment. These aspects determine the individual level of exposure to causal factors for depression and the capacity to implement self-management interventions for preventing and managing major depressive disorders.
In California, various factors increase people’s susceptibility to stress and depression. For instance, about 10% of adults are tobacco users, while 26% of adults grapple with adult obesity. In the same vein, excessive drinking affects approximately 19% of adults in California state (County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, 2022). Equally, socioeconomic factors can determine people’s vulnerability to major depressive episodes. For example, the state’s unemployment rate is approximately 10.1%, compared to the national rate of 8.1%. Equally, about 15% of children live in poverty, while income inequality affects approximately 5.1%. 57% of African Americans in California face residential segregation. The interplay between economic and social factors results in increased rates of major depressive disorders in California and the United States.
Surveillance and Reporting
Although depression poses a significant health concern to Americans, about 60% of people with symptoms of depression do not understand the thresholds for quality care or seek medical interventions. The underlying disparities in care accessibility and poor health literacy are among the factors that lead to fewer people seeking professional interventions for treating and managing depression. As a result, the US government supports widespread surveillance and reporting measures.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2022), the most profound surveillance and reporting systems for depression and other mental disorders include the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Household Pulse Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). These surveillance systems monitor depressive symptoms, mental illness and stigma, trends in mental health, challenges in accessing psychiatric care, health insurance coverage, mental health service use, and people’s nutritional status.
Epidemiological Analysis
Major depressive disorders result in multiple adverse effects, including a massive economic burden on healthcare systems, premature deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and altered educational and occupational functioning. According to Greenberg et al. (2021), the economic burden associated with depression has significantly upsurged from $236 billion in 2010 to $326 billion in 2018. The costs of depression cover various aspects, including direct costs of care delivery, suicide-related burden, and work absenteeism.
The prevalence, effects, and incidence of major depressive disorders are relatively disproportionate among people with specific modifiable and non-modifiable factors. For example, individuals aged 18-25 years are most susceptible to depression (17%). Adult females are more vulnerable to depression than males (10.5% and 6.2%, respectively) (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). Equally, ethnicity is a non-modifiable factor for depression, where people of two or more races are the most vulnerable population in the United States (29.9%), followed by White (18.7%) and Hispanic (15.7%).
Individual propensity to depression is consistent with the prevailing social determinants of health (SDOH) that contribute to preventable disparities and health gaps. According to Prencipe et al. (2021), multivariate social, cultural, environmental, and economic issues that increase depression prevalence include poverty, education level, employment status, self-esteem, locus of control issues (LOC), exposure to violence, stigma, poor neighborhood, and access to drugs. Equally, the prevailing cultural beliefs that anchor masculinity and discrimination can contribute to depression. Further, social issues, such as failed marriages, disrupted schooling, adolescent pregnancy, and relationship difficulties, are significant causal factors for major depressive disorders. As a result, preventive and management actions should focus on addressing modifiable factors and poor social determinants of health.
Screening and Guidelines
The international screening guidelines for major depressive disorders rely heavily upon self-reported symptoms. Maurer et al. (2018) discuss different screening and diagnostic scales for major depressive disorders. These screening instruments include the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the Five-Item Geriatric Depression Scale, the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, and the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorders. Other assessment instruments include the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Social Problem-Solving Inventory, the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Reminiscence Functions Scale (RFS).
Psychiatrists should use screening instruments that are accurate and specific to the symptoms of major depressive disorders to improve depression diagnostics. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a reliable scale for screening depression by scoring nine items in the DSM-5 criteria. These items are little interest or pleasure in doing things, feeling down or depressed, insomnia, feeling tired, loss of appetite, self-blame, alterations in movement and speech, and suicidal thoughts. Patients can score a maximum of three points in each item, enabling healthcare professionals to categorize depressive episodes based on a 27-point scale.
The scale is relatively cost-effective because it entails self-administered questionnaires and simple items that guarantee tentative and reliable results regarding the severity of depression. Negeri et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 scale. The study revealed that this scale had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 85%, depending on the sample size and the cut-off value. On the other hand, Levis et al. (2021) argue that the PHQ-9 screening instrument has a positive predictive value of 52%. Although different studies report varying findings on the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the PHQ-9 test, it is valid to argue that this scale is reliable and relatively accurate in assessing the severity of depressive symptoms.
A Plan for Addressing Depression
Healthcare professionals play a significant role in preventing and treating major depressive disorders. Their roles and responsibilities in reducing the prevalence of reported depressive episodes fall under three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. According to Singh et al. (2022), primary prevention for depression entails early interventions such as health promotion and educating people about risk factors and preventive approaches for depression. On the other hand, secondary prevention focuses on intercepting the disease’s progression by conducting early diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, and disability limitation.
Finally, tertiary prevention aims at alleviating further complications, preventing disability, and reducing mortality associated with major depressive disorders (Singh et al., 2022). At this point, healthcare professionals can implement pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches and develop follow-up plans to ensure adherence to treatment options. When engaging in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention for depression, it is essential to involve at-risk people and patients in collaborative care plans for addressing social determinants of health, reducing symptoms of major depressive episodes, and preventing adverse complications associated with depression.
Summary/Conclusion
Depression is a burdensome chronic condition that manifests through alterations in moods and functions. Major depressive disorders are among the leading causes of premature deaths associated with suicide, disability, functional declines, and increased care costs. The disproportionate nature of depression prevalence, incidence, and effects prompts measures for identifying and addressing poor social determinants of health and risk factors that contribute to people’s propensity to this condition. Healthcare professionals ensure primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of major depressive disorders. They implement early screening, community health promotion programs, rehabilitative therapies, and phonologic interventions for improving depressive symptoms.
References
Alegría, M., NeMoyer, A., Falgàs Bagué, I., Wang, Y., & Alvarez, K. (2018). Social determinants of mental health: Where we are and where we need to go. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0969-9
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Data and Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/data_publications/index.htm
Chand, S. P., & Arif, H. (2022). Depression. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430847/#
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (2022). California. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/california?year=2022
Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A.-A., Sisitsky, T., Simes, M., Berman, R., Koenigsberg, S. H., & Kessler, R. C. (2021). The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). PharmacoEconomics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01019-4
KFF. (2021). Mental health and substance use state fact sheets. https://www.kff.org/statedata/mental-health-and-substance-use-state-fact-sheets/california/
Levis, B., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2019). Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ, 365, l1476. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1476
Maurer, D. M., Raymond, T. J., & Davis, B. N. (2018). Depression: Screening and diagnosis. American Family Physician, 98(8), 508–515. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30277728/
Mayo Clinic. (2022). Depression (major depressive disorder). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022, January). Major depression. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression
Negeri, Z. F., Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., Krishnan, A., Wu, Y., Bhandari, P. M., Neupane, D., Brehaut, E., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2021). Accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening to detect major depression: Updated systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ, n2183. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2183
Prencipe, L., Houweling, T. A., Lenthe, F. J. van, Palermo, T. M., & Kajula, L. (2021). Exploring multilevel social determinants of depressive symptoms for Tanzanian adolescents: Evidence from a cross-sectional study. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 75(10), 944–954. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-216200
Raghupathi, W., & Raghupathi, V. (2018). An empirical study of chronic diseases in the United States: A visual analytics approach to public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030431
Singh, V., Kumar, A., & Gupta, S. (2022). Mental health prevention and promotion—a narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898009
World Health Organization. (2021). Depression. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
World Health Organization. (2022). Non-communicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases#
