NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

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NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder – Step-by-Step Guide

The first step before starting to write the NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder, it is essential to understand the requirements of the assignment. The first step is to read the assignment prompt carefully to identify the topic, the length and format requirements. You should go through the rubric provided so that you can understand what is needed to score the maximum points for each part of the assignment. 

It is also important to identify the audience of the paper and its purpose so that it can help you determine the tone and style to use throughout. You can then create a timeline to help you complete each stage of the paper, such as conducting research, writing the paper, and revising it to avoid last-minute stress before the deadline. After identifying the formatting style to be applied to the paper, such as APA, you should review its use, such as writing citations and referencing the resources used. You should also review how to format the title page and the headings in the paper.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

The next step in preparing for your paper is to conduct research and identify the best sources to use to support your arguments. Identify the list of keywords from your topic using different combinations. The first step is to visit the university library and search through its database using the important keywords related to your topic. You can also find books, peer-reviewed articles, and credible sources for your topic from PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Ensure that you select the references that have been published in the last words and go through each to check for credibility. Ensure that you obtain the references in the required format, for example, in APA, so that you can save time when creating the final reference list. 

You can also group the references according to their themes that align with the outline of the paper. Go through each reference for its content and summarize the key concepts, arguments and findings for each source. You can write down your reflections on how each reference connects to the topic you are researching about. After the above steps, you can develop a strong thesis that is clear, concise and arguable. Next you should create a detailed outline of the paper so that it can help you to create headings and subheadings to be used in the paper. Ensure that you plan what point will go into each paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

The introduction of the paper is the most crucial part as it helps to provide the context of your work, and will determine if the reader will be interested to read through to the end. You should start with a hook, which will help capture the reader’s attention. You should contextualize the topic by offering the reader a concise overview of the topic you are writing about so that they may understand its importance. You should state what you aim to achieve with the paper. The last part of the introduction should be your thesis statement, which provides the main argument of the paper.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

The body of the paper helps you to present your arguments and evidence to support your claims. You can use headings and subheadings developed in the paper’s outline to guide you on how to organize the body. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence to help the reader know what point you will be discussing in that paragraph. Support your claims using the evidence conducted from the research, ensure that you cite each source properly using in-text citations. You should analyze the evidence presented and explain its significance and how it connects to the thesis statement. You should maintain a logical flow between each paragraph by using transition words and a flow of ideas.

How to Write the In-text Citations for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

In-text citations help the reader to give credit to the authors of the references they have used in their works. All ideas that have been borrowed from references, any statistics and direct quotes must be referenced properly. The name and date of publication of the paper should be included when writing an in-text citation. For example, in APA, after stating the information, you can put an in-text citation after the end of the sentence, such as (Smith, 2021). If you are quoting directly from a source, include the page number in the citation, for example (Smith, 2021, p. 15). Remember to also include a corresponding reference list at the end of your paper that provides full details of each source cited in your text. An example paragraph highlighting the use of in-text citations is as below:

The integration of technology in nursing practice has significantly transformed patient care and improved health outcomes. According to Smith (2021), the use of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined communication among healthcare providers, allowing for more coordinated and efficient care delivery. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2020) highlight that telehealth services have expanded access to care, particularly for patients in rural areas, thereby reducing barriers to treatment.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

When writing the conclusion of the paper, start by restarting your thesis, which helps remind the reader what your paper is about. Summarize the key points of the paper, by restating them. Discuss the implications of your findings and your arguments. End with a call to action that leaves a lasting impact on the reader or recommendations.

How to Format the Reference List for NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder

The reference helps provide the reader with the complete details of the sources you cited in the paper. The reference list should start with the title “References” on a new page. It should be aligned center and bolded. The references should be organized in an ascending order alphabetically and each should have a hanging indent. If a source has no author, it should be alphabetized by the title of the work, ignoring any initial articles such as “A,” “An,” or “The.” If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in chronological order, starting with the earliest publication. 

Each reference entry should include specific elements depending on the type of source. For books, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the book in italics, the edition (if applicable), and the publisher’s name. For journal articles, include the author’s last name, first initial, publication year in parentheses, the title of the article (not italicized), the title of the journal in italics, the volume number in italics, the issue number in parentheses (if applicable), and the page range of the article. For online sources, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or the URL at the end of the reference. An example reference list is as follows:

References

Johnson, L. M., & Brown, R. T. (2020). The role of telehealth in improving patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 35(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000456

Smith, J. A. (2021). The impact of technology on nursing practice. Health Press.

NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder Instructions

In this Blog, you will have the opportunity to teach your peers about a specific substance use and/or addiction/impulse control disorder. A Blog is a conversational, informal written piece on a topic. Your faculty will assign you a particular illness and the approved treatment for the illness to create a presentation to share with your peers.

Construct a Blog post, not to exceed 1,500–2,000 words, written for a PMHNP provider audience to post in the Discussion area. Have a look at NURS 6630 Week 10 Assignment 2: Special Considerations for Patient Populations Paper.

Although you are not required to respond to colleagues, collegial discussion is welcome. Also, it will be important for you to read your peers’ Blog posts in order to learn about all of the medications on the assigned list.

You will be assigned from the following list:

  • Opioid Use Disorder
    • Vivitrol
    • Suboxone
    • Methadone
    • Lofexidine
  • Alcohol Use Disorder
    • Acamprosate
    • Naltrexone
    • Disulfiram
    • Phenobarbital (seizure control due to alcohol withdrawal)
    • Chlordiazepoxide
  • Cannabis Use Disorder
    • Nefazodone*
    • Fluoxetine*
    • Gabapentin*
    • Buspirone*
  • Stimulant Use Disorder (cocaine, methamphetamine)
    • Antipsychotic Medications*
    • Combination Injectable Naltrexone*
    • Bupropion*
    • Gabapentin*
  • Tobacco Use Disorder
    • Nicotine replacement patch
    • Nicotine replacement gum
    • Nicotine replacement inhaler
    • Zyban
  • Sedative/Hypnotic Anxiolytic Use Disorder
    • Gabapentin*
    • Buspirone*
    • Flumazenil*
    • Trazodone*
  • Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
    • Lisdexamphetamine

*Indicates not FDA approved.

By Day 5 of Week 9

Post your Blog response by doing the following:

  • Identify the substance or addiction with discussion on pertinent diagnostic criteria for the use disorder.
  • Identify the street names of the substance for the use disorder.
  • Describe how someone can use or abuse the substance (oral, smoke, IV, etc.).
  • Describe the symptoms of someone under the influence of this substance.
  • Describe the symptoms of someone under the withdrawal of this substance.

After describing the substance, discuss the treatment recommendations by doing the following:

  • Identify the first-line treatment options.
  • Identify the FDA-approved medications for the substance.

Note: If there are no FDA-approved medications, describe any evidenced-based, clinically acceptable off-label medications to treat the illness.

  • Identify the proposed mechanisms of action for the medication to treat the illness.
  • Describe the common side effects of the medication.
  • Describe how the patient should take the medication.
  • Identify any baseline and/or ongoing tests and assessment(s) needed when taking the medication.
  • Describe the non-pharmacologic intervention recommendations.

This Assignment requires a minimum of three (3) peer-reviewed, evidence-based scholarly references outside of course Learning Resources.

Note: You will need to include the APA formatting citation of all references used with a Reference list.

NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder Example

The addiction I selected off the list is Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). OUD is a problematic, chronic pattern of opioid use that causes distress or impairment. Even if a person wants to stop, they are unable to break the cycle of taking opioids. To diagnose providers, use the DSM-5 checklist criteria to assess for the presence of OUD. OUD is assessed by at least 2 out of 11 on the list below occurring within 1 year:

  • Continued opioid use despite worsening physical or psychological health
  • Continued opioid use despite social and interpersonal consequences
  • Decreased social or recreational activities
  • Difficulty fulfilling professional duties at school or work
  • Excessive time is taken to obtain or recover from taking opioids
  • More opioids are taken than intended
  • Opioid cravings occur
  • Inability to decrease the amount of opioids used
  • Tolerance to opioids develops
  • Opioid use continues despite the dangers it poses to the user
  • Withdrawal occurs, or the user continues to take opioids to avoid withdrawal (Opioid Use Disorder: Diagnosis, 2024).

Severity is based on the above results:

  • Mild: 2-3 criteria
  • Moderate: 4-5 criteria
  • Severe: greater than or equal to 6 criteria (Opioid Use Disorder: Diagnosis, 2024).

Street names of opioid consist of jackpot, juice, monkey, china girl, subs, demmies, oxy, stop signs, white stuff, biscuits, tram, fizzies, smack, bupes, and O.C (Brandon, 2025). Individuals can take opioids by inhalation (snorted), smoking, intravenously, orally, sublingually, and transdermal. Opioids come in liquid, patch, pill, cream, and film form. Sometimes people will crush the pill up to snort it.

Symptoms of OUD consist of physical independence, disheveled appearance, isolation, opioid cravings, weight loss, drowsiness, frequent flu-like symptoms, changes in sleeping habits, stealing, financial crisis, and taking more opioids or taking opioids longer than prescribed (Opioid Use Disorder, 2023). Symptoms of withdrawal from opioids consist of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, insomnia, restlessness, agitation, intense craving for opioids, and myalgia (Opioid Use Disorder, 2025). These symptoms are uncomfortable but rarely life threatening unlike alcohol or benzodiazepines (Opioid Use Disorder, 2025).

First line treatment or gold standard treatment of OUD is medication opioid use disorder (MOUD) (Research, 2024). MOUD treatment involves use of either of these medications buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone (Research, 2024). The selected medication choose from the list was buprenorphine also known as suboxone. Suboxone is a medication that helps to suppress withdrawal symptoms (Stahl, 2021). Suboxone is a mu receptor partial agonist and potent analgesic on the central nervous system (CNS) (Kumar et al., 2024).

Like any drug suboxone has common side effects. Side effects consist of insomnia, headache, withdrawal syndrome, vasodilation, abdominal pain, hyperhidrosis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain, and constipation (Medscape, 2025). Suboxone is administered sublingually or via buccal. To take sublingually the patient should rinse their mouth out with a small amount of room temperature water., then place film strip or tablet under their tongue close to the base either on the right or left side, keep it in place until the medication is completely dissolved (Medscape, 2025).

The patient should not eat or drink anything until the medication is completely dissolved (Medscape, 2025). Buccal film is administered by the patient wetting their cheek by tongue or by rinsing their mouth with water to moisten the area, hold buccal film with freshly cleaned, dry hands with the text (BN2, BN4, BN6) facing up, then place the side of film with text against the inside of the cheek, press and hold film in place for five seconds (Medscape, 2025). Avoid any manipulation of the film and avoid eating and drinking until the film is completely dissolved (Medscape, 2025).

If the patient appears to show signs of OUD the provider should use the DSM-5 criteria tool to assess the patient for OUD. The provider should approach the patient in a nonjudgmental way to discuss his observation, signs, and diagnosis. A mental health, past medical, family, social, surgical, and injury history evaluation to identify gateways for opioid abuse. You may need to collaborate with other healthcare professionals depending upon the results of the assessments. A physical assessment should be completed along with vital signs.

A rapid urine drug screen (UDS) should be completed to see what substances are found in the patient’s system. A pregnancy test should be completed. After determining the patient needs MOUD treatment. If the patient used opioids intravenously you want to get them blood tests for hepatitis and HIV. You want to inquire about the patient’s support system. Including them into the treatment plan can help the patient reach their goals and stay accountable. s support system. Including them into the treatment plan can help the patient reach their goals and stay accountable.

Start the patient on suboxone. During treatment the patient should be assessed for withdrawal symptoms, physical, and neurological assessment. The patient should be given frequent UDS to assess for medication adherence and to see if the patient is using other drugs not prescribed during his treatment. You want to make sure the patient has suboxone in their system because suboxone is a medication that is sold on the streets, if there is no suboxone present then you want to question patient and/or stop prescribing.

If the UDS shows other drugs in their system, you want to address that and decide if the patient needs another form of treatment, additional treatment, or an increased dose to help them wean off other drugs. For females of reproductive age, a pregnancy test should be done and questions about the last menstrual period (LMP) to ensure the patient is not pregnant and receiving treatment. Assessment of dentition should be done since suboxone can affect an individual’s teeth. You want to assess if the patient can complete their regular activities of daily living (ADLs). The patient should be moving towards a regular lifestyle they had previously before addiction.

Nonpharmacological interventions for OUD consist of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), group and individual therapy, self-help groups like narcotic anonymous, and physical therapy (Dydyk et al., 2024). CBT helps to address cognitive and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. The therapist can help the patient identify and change thought patterns of negativity to help develop healthy coping habits associated with addiction. CBT can help the patient improve socializing and obtaining success towards recovery. Individual therapy can help the patient have a person they trust give them an individualized plan and coping mechanisms.

The patient can have a therapist to help them build confidence and help with repairing relationships impacted by addiction. Group therapy and self-help groups can help the patient know that other people have struggled with the same addiction and that they are not alone. They have people who understand what they are going through and are in various stages so they can see that progress and recovery can occur. They can find a support system in the group that helps them stay accountable or a person they can call in time of potential relapse.

Physical therapy to help them ease the pain of the reason they were placed on opioids. Physical therapist can help the patient with exercises that can help relieve pain or even strategies of movement to eliminate pain. Acupuncture can also be explored if the patient is interested. The patient can go to meditation groups to help them to keep a calm mind when they are struggling mentally. All forms of rehabilitation should be presented to the patient to ensure positive outcomes for the patient.

You should address assess social determinants of health to see if there are some areas that can be addressed and fixed to ensure patient is able to be compliant with treatment. For instance, if they cannot get transportation to doctor’s appointments you want to see about public transportation of sending him to facilities that are in walking distance to house. If they do not have insurance, are homeless, and/or unemployed you want to direct them to the board of social services and a social worker that can help them obtain an application for services. Helping them with other situations can help them maintain compliance and be successful with their treatment plan. Most individuals with addiction struggle with hopelessness. As psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNP) we must assess and address all aspects of the patient not just mental for our patients to achieve their mental health goals.

References

Brandon. (2025, February 21). Opioid Street Names: Brand Names & Nicknames For Opioids. The Recovery Village Cherry Hill at Cooper. https://www.southjerseyrecovery.com/opioids/street-names/

DEA. (2018). Slang Terms and code words: a reference for law enforcement personnel. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-07/DIR-022-18.pdf.

Dydyk, A. M., Jain, N. K., & Gupta, M. (2024). Opioid use disorder. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/.

Kumar, R., Viswanath, O., & Saadabadi, A. (2024). Buprenorphine. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459126/#:~:text=Mechanism%20of%20Action,uprenorphine%20is%20a&text=Buprenorphine%20exhibits%20high%2Daffinity%20binding,withdrawal%20symptoms%20for%20the%20patient.

Opioid use disorder. (2023, November 21). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/opioid-use-disorderLinks to an external site.

Opioid use disorder. (2025, April 15). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24257-opioid-use-disorder-oud

Opioid Use Disorder: diagnosis. (2024, April 16). Overdose Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/hcp/clinical-care/opioid-use-disorder-diagnosis.htmlLinks to an external site.

Research, C. F. D. E. A. (2024, December 26). Information about Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD). U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/information-about-medications-opioid-use-disorder-moud#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20medications%20approved,to%20be%20safe%20and%20effective.

Stahl, S. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

NURS 6630 Week 9 Blog: Substance Use, Addiction/Impulse Control Disorder Example 2

         Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a public health crisis affecting over 10 million people worldwide and over two million here in the United States. This disorder is a chronic, complex illness characterized by the chronic use of prescription opioids or other illicit opioids, such as heroin and fentanyl. OUD is a life-threatening condition associated with a significant risk of mortality due to various causes, such as overdose, suicide, infectious disease, or trauma (National Academies, 2019).

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), the diagnostic criteria for OUD include repeated use within a year leading to issues with two or more of the following behaviors:

               Continued opioid use despite worsening physical or psychological health, continued opioid use despite social and                                 interpersonal consequences, decreased social or recreational activities, difficulty fulfilling professional duties at school or                   work, excessive time is taken to obtain or recover from taking opioids, more opioids are taken than intended, opioid                             cravings occur, inability to decrease the amount of opioids used, tolerance to opioids develops, opioid use continues                           despite the dangers it poses to the user, withdrawal occurs, or the user continues to take opioids to avoid withdrawal.                         (Dydyk et al., 2024, para. 11)

In order for a diagnosis to be made, an individual would have to have repeated use of opioids within a year, with at least two of the listed symptoms mentioned above. The severity of the disorder is categorized as mild: 2-3 symptoms, Moderate:4-5 symptoms, and severe: 6 or more symptoms.

                                                                              Street Names

The street names for the common legal and illegal opioids include: Percs, Perks, Cody, Captain Cody, Dope, Horse, Oxy, Vike, Lean, Purple Drank, China White, China Girl, Sizzurp, Murder 8, Apache, Juice, Smack, Amidone, Monkey, Miss Emma, Oxycotton, Oxycet, Biscuits, Tram, Trammies, Mole, Black Pearl, and Scat.

                                                         How Someone Can Use or Abuse the Substance

There are various methods a person can utilize to use or abuse opioids. The methods include oral administration, intravenous injection, intranasal administration, and through smoking. With oral ingestion, the opioid can be either a pill, tablet, or liquid solution. Oral medications include oxycodone, morphine, tramadol, hydrocodone, codeine, and methadone. Intravenous opioids include morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and heroin, which is one of the most commonly used illicit drugs in the US. Inhalation through the smoking route includes oxycodone, which can be crushed and smoked; fentanyl, which can be the powder form or crushed and smoked; and heroin, which is inhaled by heating the substance on aluminum foil. With the intranasal route, these substances can either be crushed or in powdered form and snorted for use; they include oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and heroin.

                                          Symptoms of Someone Under the Influence of This Substance

There are several symptoms that a person may experience when they are under the influence of opioids. Common symptoms may include euphoria, drowsiness, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, constipation, altered mental status, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, or pruritis. According to Paul et al. (2021), morphine is the cause of generating an itching sensation to the skin. Other symptoms that may arise but are uncommon are hyperalgesia, dry mouth, hallucinations, agitation, or seizures.  

                                          Symptoms of Someone Under the Withdrawal of This Substance

Opioid withdrawal can lead to detrimental effects and occurs when a person dependent on opioids stops taking it or reduces the dose. Withdrawal can also occur if an opioid partial agonist or antagonist, such as buprenorphine or naloxone, is taken while an opioid is in a person’s system (Shah & Huecker, 2023). Symptoms a person may exhibit when withdrawing from opioids are nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, pupillary dilation, insomnia, or myalgia.

                                     First-line Treatment Options/ FDA-approved Medications for the Substance

The gold standard treatment therapy for OUD is referred to as medication-assisted treatment (MAT); this treatment plan combines medication therapy with a form of psychotherapy, such as behavioral therapy (Sofuoglu et al., 2019). There are three FDA-approved pharmacotherapies available for the treatment of OUD; these include buprenorphine, which is a partial agonist; naltrexone, which is an antagonist; and methadone, which is a full agonist.

                                                               Methadone Mechanism of Action

Methadone is a full opioid agonist; it occupies the μ-opioid receptors, which are essential in regulating analgesia, euphoria, and sedation. It relieves withdrawal symptoms and reduces cravings. “Methadone activates the μ-receptors which results in downstream effects through G-protein signaling, including inhibiting neuronal transmission of pain afferents from the spinal cord, producing analgesic effects” (Durrani & Bansal, 2024, para. 13).

                                                                                Common Side Effects

Although it has been reported that few side effects are exhibited when starting methadone, the common side effects that may arise are nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, insomnia, diaphoresis, or menstrual irregularities.

                                                               How the Patient Should Take the Medication

Initially, methadone should be taken under a provider’s supervision at a clinic for some time, and based on the patient’s progression and stability, the patient may be eligible for take-home doses. Treatment should last for at least 12 months to achieve better health outcomes. There are various formulations of methadone, such as tablets, liquid solutions, and powder, but generally, all oral solutions are prescribed while under the treatment program (Chapter 3B, 2018). When dosing, it is best to start low, go slow, and make adjustments based on the patient’s response.

                                       Baseline/ Ongoing Tests and Assessment(s) Needed When Taking the Medication

Prior to initiating pharmacotherapy with methadone, it is advisable to complete a comprehensive health history, assessing comorbid conditions, a thorough psychological and physical assessment, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) to assess for any cardiac arrhythmia. Laboratory testing should include a urine drug screen to assess for substance use, a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), and liver function tests (LFTs) to assess renal and liver function. Ongoing assessments should include methadone trough level to assess for adherence or toxicity, urine drug screen, CMP and LFTs to reassess renal and liver function, and an ECG to reassess for any arrhythmia.

                                                        Non-Pharmacologic Intervention Recommendations

Non-pharmacological interventions alongside pharmacotherapy play a vital role in the treatment plan for OUD because they help address the psychological and behavioral aspects of addiction. These interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), and 12-step programs. CBT helps the patient identify triggers and helps restructure negative thought patterns to change behavior. MI is a collaboration between the patient and facilitator, where the patient focuses on creating their own goals rather than being directed. Lastly, a 12-step recovery program helps the patient learn coping mechanisms and gain the support of others going through similar experiences.

                                                                                     References

Chapter 3B: Methadone. (2018). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574918/Links to an external site.

Durrani, M., & Bansal, K. (2024). Methadone. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562216/

Dydyk, A. M., Jain, N. K., & Gupta, M. (2024). Opioid use disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553166/Links to an external site.

National Academies of Sciences, E., Division, H. and M., Policy, B. on H. S., Disorder, C. on M.-A. T. for O. U., Mancher, M., & Leshner, A. I. (2019). Summary. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541390/

Paul, A. K., Smith, C. M., Rahmatullah, M., Nissapatorn, V., Wilairatana, P., Spetea, M., Gueven, N., & Dietis, N. (2021). Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 14(11), 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14111091

Shah, M., & Huecker, M. R. (2023). Opioid Withdrawal. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526012/Links to an external site.

Sofuoglu, M., DeVito, E. E., & Carroll, K. M. (2019). Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice, 1(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20180006