An immunization is a suspension of microorganism that can be inactivated, partially inactivated, or attenuated. The purpose of introducing these microorganisms to the body is to create an antigen-antibody response within the body for recognition in future exposure and either reduced disease or no disease symptoms.
Vaccines work by boosting antibody production right after vaccination. Subsequent injections help to boost memory in the immune system. Most vaccines are given intramuscularly, but live or attenuated vaccines, such as MMR and Varicella, are usually given subcutaneously.
All NPs who work with children and adolescents should know vaccine schedules, side effects, and risk factors.
Common side effects of vaccinations are as follows.
- Localized erythema, swelling, and pain, particularly with DTaP and Varicella vaccines
- Pain with injection
- Low grade fever
Vaccine contraindications in childhood:
- Any secondary dose of a vaccine after severe allergic reaction to a prior vaccination.
- If the patient has severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), they should not have rotavirus, Varicella, measles mumps rubella (MMR), varicella, or live influenza virus vaccines.
- Live influenza virus should also not be used in children with asthma, diabetes, or cardiac or renal disease. Influenza inactivated injectable vaccine (IIV) can be used.
For more information on contraindication to vaccines and vaccine side effects, visit CDC website.
It is also critical to note the vaccine administration guidelines at the bottom of the vaccine schedule.
Immunizations are not just for infants. Adolescents have several recommended vaccines, including Tdap at age 11, HPV in both boys and girls, Hepatitis A if not previously given, and Meningococcal vaccine.
Yearly influenza vaccinations are recommended for children of all age groups, particularly children with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and asthma. Flumist vaccine is a live intranasal vaccination and should not be given to pregnant women, asthmatics, or children with chronic disease that may affect immunity. All these populations can receive influenza vaccination through intramuscular routes.